Cell Phone Microscope
A ~ 1mm diameter glass sphere works as a lens with focal length ~ 1 mm and projects an image from infinity into a cell phone camera with surprising results.
A laser pointer lens
References
http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=1071
Ref 1 http://appleinsider.com/articles/16/09/23/apples-iphone-7-camera-delivers-nice-slice-of-enhancements- but-iphone-7-plus-takes-the-cake
This experiment is based on Smith ZJ, Chu K, Espenson AR, Rahimzadeh M, Gryshuk A, et al. (2011) Cell-Phone-Based Platform for Biomedical Device Development and Education Applications. PLoS ONE 6(3): e17150. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017150.
Arpa, Aydin, Gordon Wetzstein, Douglas Lanman, and Ramesh Raskar. Single lens off-chip cellphone microscopy. In 2012 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Work- shops, Providence, RI, 16-21 June 2012. p. 23-28. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012. https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/80831
”See Microbes with a DIY Phone Microscope,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOHxNbxm-m4
Ref 2 https://www.extremetech.com/electronics/160232-canon-70d-with-dual-pixel-cmos-af-the-first-dslr- that-can-autofocus-videos
Ref 3 https://www.dpreview.com/news/3533076696/teardown-reveals-sony-image-sensors-in-iphone-7 Ref 4 http://www.sony-semicon.co.jp/products en/new pro/april 2014/imx214 e.html The Exmor sensor is described at https://developer.sonymobile.com/2013/05/06/how-sonys-exmor-rs-image-sensor-techno ” Want to print your own cell phone microscope for pennies? Heres how. 3D printer technology
and glass beads a powerful combination,” Pacific Northwest national Lab news release 15 Sept. 2014, http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=1071
Glass beads for PNNL cell phone microscope https://biospec.com/beads-guide-lines/iphone-microscope-lens Refractive optical design software http://www.raymak.com/wp/user-guide/analysis-window/ Open source raytracing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender (software) Optical virtual imaging at 50 nm lateral resolution with a white-light nanoscope, Zengbo Wang, Wei Guo,
Lin Li, Boris Luk’yanchuk, Ashfaq Khan, Zhu Liu, Zaichun Chen & Minghui Hong, Nature Communications 2, Article number: 218 (2011) doi:10.1038/ncomms1211
Turn your iPhone into a high-power digital microscope for around $10, https://www.engadget.com/2013/10/25/turn-your-i
Toward Single-Molecule Microscopy on a Smart Phone Saumyakanti Khatua and Michel Orrit Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands ACS Nano, 2013, 7 (10), pp 83408343 DOI: 10.1021/nn405167q Publication Date (Web): October 10, 2013 Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society http://pubs.acs.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/full/10.1021/nn405167q
Imaging and Sizing of Single DNA Molecules on a Mobile Phone Qingshan Wei, et al, ACS Nano, 2014, 8 (12), pp 1272512733, http://pubs.acs.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/abs/10.1021/nn505821y DOI: 10.1021/nn505821y
Ref 5 Switz NA, DAmbrosio MV, Fletcher DA (2014) Low-Cost Mobile Phone Microscopy with a Reversed Mobile Phone Camera Lens. PLoS ONE 9(5): e95330. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095330
BYU Photonics - ABCD Matrix Calculator/ABCD Matrix Analysis Calculator/Ray Transfer Matrix Analysis Calculator http://www.photonics.byu.edu/ABCD Calc.phtml
Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Anatomy of the Microscope http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/anatomy/ana Telescope and microscope optics http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/optics421/modules/m3/telescopes.htm