[:PiraScheme#Thermodynamics: Table of Thermodynamics]

[:FirstLaw: Thermodynamics (4B): Heat and the First Law]

[:Demonstrations:Lecture Demonstrations]

All Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4A10.10

various thermometers

Show many different thermometers.

4A10.12

commercial apparatus

A listing of commercial apparatus for measuring temperature.

4A10.13

demonstration thermometer

Review of the large dial Atomic Laboratories thermometer. See AJP 29(6),368

4A10.15

mercury thermometer(s)

Show various liquid thermometers.

4A10.20

Galileo's thermometer

A set of glass spheroid buoys of varying density in a glass cylinder arranged so the lowest floating ball represents the temperature. History and sources. See AJP 57,845-846. See AJP 59(1),90

4A10.25

low temperature thermometers

Measure temperatures with thermocouples or a pentane low-temperature thermometer.

4A10.30

thermocouple

The copper-constantan thermocouple and galvanometer as a lecture table thermometer.

4A10.31

thermocouples

Make a thermocouple and demonstrate it if you are going to use it in thermoelectricity.

4A10.35

supersensitive thermometer

Directions for making a thermometer from a thermistor and transistor amplifier.

4A10.40

temperature sensitive paint

Directions for making temperature sensitive paint.

4A10.42

thermosensitive pigment

Double iodide of mercury and silver (HgI2.2AgI) changes form yellow to red on heating. Several demos. See AJP 30(4),300

4A10.45

thermochromic cards

Many demonstrations are discussed using thermochromic cards as temperature indicators, such as pictures, diagrams, references. See TPT 1(5), 226

4A10.50

cholesteric liquid crystals

Making liquid crystals for thermal mapping. See AJP 38(4),425

4A10.70

pyrometry

1) Show the changes in color and brightness as a iron wire is heated. 2) Place a lamp on the focal plane of a projection lantern and vary the voltage so the filament appears darker and brighter than the background.

4A10.90

temperature ranges

Prepare a large diagram several meters long ranging from 0 to 6000 K with points of interest indicated.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4A20.10

thermal expansion of water

A flask with a long slender neck is filled with water and immersed in a hot water bath. The fluid will drop before rising. (Tippy bird or sproot)

4A20.11

Mercury Torricelli tube

A small bulb with a capillary full of mercury is immersed in a bath of hot water. The meniscus falls, then rises.

4A20.12

Thermometer(Torricelli tube)

A thermometer inserted in hot water shows a drop in temperature as the glass expands before the liquid warms.

4A20.13

water thermometer

A bulb with a small bore tube.

4A20.20

expansion of fluids

A manometer is surrounded on one side with ice water and on the other by steam.

4A20.25

expansion of liquids

A number of test tubes filled with various liquids are immersed in a hot water bath. Expansion is magnified by small bore tubes.

4A20.30

maximum density of water

A flask with a narrow stem shows volume changes and a thermocouple shows temperature changes when water is allowed to warm from 0 C.

4A20.30

maximum density of water

Refinements to H-28. Use a 100 ml quartz flask and 1 mm bore capillary tube for a meniscus drop of 5 to 6 mm.

4A20.30

negative expansion coefficient of wa

Immerse a water thermometer in an ice bath

4A20.35

water at 4 C

Water at the bottom of a cylinder remains at 4 C when surrounded by ice at the middle.

4A20.35

maxium density of water

The familiar Hope apparatus. A tall cylinder of water with a collar of salt/ice around the middle will freeze at the top and remain at 4 C at the bottom.

4A20.35

maximum density of water

In a jar of water 35 cm high with 15 cm of ice floating on top, the temperature at the bottom does not fall below 4 C.

4A20.40

coefficient of expansion of oil

A hydrometer is used to measure the density of olive oil as it cools.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4A30.00

Solid Expansion

4A30.10

bimetal strip

Strips of dissimilar metals bonded together bend when heated.

4A30.10

bimetal strip

A bimetal strip of brass and steel is heated in a Bunsen burner flame.

4A30.10

bimetal strip

Strips of dissimilar metals bonded together bend when heated.

4A30.10

bimetallic strip

A pointer is mounted on the end of a bimetallic strip. Picture.

4A30.10

bimetal strip

Two 25 cm strips of brass and invar steel are welded together for use as a bimetal strip.

4A30.10

bimetallic strip

Just a picture.

4A30.10

bimetallic strip

Heat the commercial bimetallic strip in a flame.

4A30.11

thermostat model

4A30.11

thermostat

A small bimetal strip acts as a switch in a thermostat.

4A30.11

bimetallic strip thermostat

Set up a bimetallic strip thermostat to ring bells or flash lights.

4A30.11

thermostat model

A bimetallic strip bends away from an electrical contact when heated turning off a light.

4A30.12

turn signal oscillator

Two types of turn signal oscillators that use bimetal strips are discussed.

4A30.15

wire coil thermostat - zig

4A30.20

balls and ring

A ring with a set of two balls, one over and one under size. Heat the ring and lslip over both.

4A30.20

balls and ring

4A30.21

ball and ring

A ball passes through a ring only when it is heated.

4A30.21

ball and ring

A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature.

4A30.21

ball and ring

Just a picture.

4A30.22

thermal expansion

A brass plate with a hole is heated until it fits over a ball.

4A30.23

shrink fit

Heat a brass ring and slip it onto a slightly tapered steel bar and pass around the class.

4A30.30

break the bolt

4A30.30

break the bolt

Heat a iron bar, then tighten it in a yoke so it breaks a cast iron bar when the bar cools.

4A30.30

forces caused by change of length

A heavy iron bar heated and placed in a yoke breaks a cast iron bolt as it cools.

4A30.30

break the bolt

A heated bar is tightened in a yoke against a cast iron peg which breaks as the bar cools.

4A30.30

pin breaker

Heat a rod to break a 1/8" diameter pin by expansion.

4A30.31

break the bolt

A drill rod clamped between a inner steel rod and an outer brass tube breaks when the brass tube is heated. Diagram.

4A30.40

hopping discs

4A30.40

hopping discs

Bimetal discs hop on guide wires between hot and cold plates.

4A30.45

bending glass by expansion

One edge of a strip of plate glass is heated with a Bunsen burner causing the glass to bend toward the cooler side.

4A30.46

Trevelyan rocker

A brass or copper rocker heated and placed on a lead support will rock due to expansion of the lead. Diagram.

4A30.50

expansion of quartz and glass

4A30.50

expansion of quartz and glass

4A30.50

expansion of quartz

Quartz and glass tubes are both heated with a torch and plunged into water.

4A30.50

expansion of quartz and glass

Heat a piece of quartz tube and quench it in water. Try the same thing with Pyrex and soft glass.

4A30.55

expansion of a tube

Steam is passed through an aluminum tube and a dial indicator shows the change in length.

4A30.55

expansion tube

One end of a tube rests on a needle attached to a pointer that moves as the tube is heated.

4A30.60

sagging wire

4A30.60

sagging wire

4A30.60

sagging wire

Heat a length of nichrome wire electrically and watch it sag. ALSO - Recalescence temperature of iron (800 C).

4A30.60

linear expansion of a wire

A wire is heated electrically and a pointer indicates change of length. Also recalescence of iron.

4A30.60

thermal expansion of wire

A long iron wire with a small weight hanging at the midpoint is heated electrically.

4A30.61

expanding wire

One end of a heated wire is passed over a pulley to a weight. The pulley has a pointer attached.

4A30.65

bridge expansion

Either the wire or the roadway can be heated in this model of a suspension bridge.

4A30.69

gridiron pendulum

A gridiron pendulum of constant effective length when heated is made of tubes of brass and zinc.

4A30.80

heat rubber bands

4A30.80

heat rubber bands

4A30.80

heat rubber bands

1) Pass out rubber bands, have the students stretch them while holding against lips, then wait and reverse for cooling. 2) Hang a 1 kg mass from four rubber bands so it touches the table, heat 20 sec with a heat lamp and the mass will lift 1 cm.

4A30.80

thermal properties of rubber

Rubber tubing inside a copper shield contracts as it is heated.

4A30.80

heat rubber

Hang a 100 g weight from a rubber band and heat with a radiant heater. Or, enclose a rubber tube in a brass cylinder and heat with a Bunsen burner.

4A30.80

rubber band on lips

Pass out rubber bands for the students to put on their lips to feel the change in temperature as they stretch and unstretch.

4A30.82

heat rubber

A complex apparatus that oscillates as a rubber band is heated and cooled.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4A40.00

Properties of Materials at Low

4A40.10

lead bell, solder spring

Ring a lead bell after it is frozen in liquid nitrogen, Cool a coil of solder to make a spring.

4A40.10

lead bell

Ring a lead bell at room temperature and after it has been cooled in liquid nitrogen.

4A40.10

lead bell

A lead bell frozen in liquid nitrogen gives a tone.

4A40.10

lead bell, solder spring

A lead bell rings at low temp, a solder spring supports a weight.

4A40.15

solder spring

4A40.15

solder spring

Cool a solder spring in liquid nitrogen and hang a mass from it.

4A40.15

elasticity of low temperature

Liquid nitrogen and a solder spring, rubber hose, etc.

4A40.20

mercury hammer

4A40.20

mercury hammer

Mercury is frozen in the shape of a hammer head and used to pound a nail.

4A40.20

mercury hammer

Cast a mercury hammer and freeze with liquid nitrogen.

4A40.30

smashing rose and tube

Cool a rose, urffer tube, or handball in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it.

4A40.30

smashing rose and tube

Cool a rose in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it.

4A40.30

rubber at low temperature

A rubber hose is dipped in liquid nitrogen and smashed.

4A40.32

low temp behavior

A discussion of a heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen lab and a listing of the usual demonstrations.

4A40.32

low temp behavior

Smash a wiener, sheet metal, flower, hollow rubber ball, saw a sponge, alcohol is viscous, a pencil won't mark.

4A40.33

cyrogenics day in a high school

Description of the annual cryogenics day at F. D. Roosevelt High School listing many demonstrations.

4A40.35

cool rubber band

4A40.40

viscous alcohol

4A40.40

viscous alcohol

Ethyl alcohol becomes very viscous at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

4A40.40

viscosity of alcohol at low temp

Cool alcohol with liquid nitrogen and pour through a cloth screen.

4A40.50

liquid air fountain

A fountain is made using evaporating liquid air as a pressure source.

4A40.60

absorption of gases

A test tube filled with charcoal is attached to a bent 80 cm tube dipped in a beaker of mercury. When the charcoal is cooled, the mercury rises.

4A40.60

absorption of gases

A discharge tube filled with charcoal passes through all the stages to vacuum when cooled in liquid air.

4A40.70

burning in liquid oxygen

Steel wool is burned after being immersed in liquid oxygen.

4A40.71

burning in liquid oxygen

Old cigars (and other things) burn well when saturated with liquid oxygen.

4A40.72

burning in liquid oxygen

While smoking a cigarette the lecturer puts liquid oxygen in the mouth and blows out.

4A40.75

reactions in liquid oxygen

Drop a piece of potassium cooled in liquid oxygen into water.

4A40.80

filtering liquid air

Crystals of ice and carbon dioxide are retained in a filter.

4A40.85

density of liquid air

Pour liquid air into water. As the nitrogen evaporates, the liquid air sinks and oscillates with convection currents.

4A40.90

low temperature lattice models

Arrays of magnetic quadrapoles in square and triangular lattices simulate orientational ordering of diatomec molecule at low temperatures.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4A50.00

Liquid Helium

4A50.10

basic low temperature apparatus

The basic apparatus for working with liquid helium is reviewed. Details in appendix, p.1305.

4A50.11

low temp apparatus

Pictures of many devices for use in lecture demonstration and laboratory.

4A50.20

superconduction in lead

A superconducting ammeter allows direct observation of the current.

4A50.20

superconduction in lead

Lead in liquid helium is superconducting and floats a magnet. Picture.

4A50.30

the persistent current

A niobium coil remains superconduction at 4.2 K for up to 5 amps. Picture, Diagram.

4A50.40

lambda-point transition

The transition between helium I and II.

4A50.50

superleak

Leakage through a fritted disk happens with helium I but not II.

4A50.60

the fountain effect

The fountain effect. Pictures.

4A50.70

rollin creeping film

A film of helium II creeps out of a dish. Picture.

4A50.80

resistance vs. temperature

A circuit shown can be used to demonstrate superconductivity in lecture. Diagram.