Differences between revisions 12 and 33 (spanning 21 versions)

Thermal Properties of Matter

PIRA classification 4A

All Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet.

4A10. Thermometry

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4A10.10	Examples of Thermometers	Show many different thermometers.
4A10.12	commercial apparatus	A listing of commercial apparatus for measuring temperature.
4A10.13	demonstration thermometer	Review of the large dial Atomic Laboratories thermometer. See AJP 29(6),368
4A10.15	mercury thermometer(s)	Show various liquid thermometers.
4A10.20	Galileo's thermometer	A set of glass spheroid buoys of varying density in a glass cylinder arranged so the lowest floating ball represents the temperature. History and sources. See AJP 57,845-846 See AJP 59(1),90
4A10.25	low temperature thermometers	Measure temperatures with thermocouples or a pentane low-temperature thermometer.
4A10.30	thermocouple	The copper-constantan thermocouple and galvanometer as a lecture table thermometer.
4A10.31	thermocouples	Make a thermocouple and demonstrate it if you are going to use it in thermoelectricity.
4A10.35	supersensitive thermometer	Directions for making a thermometer from a thermistor and transistor amplifier.
4A10.40	temperature sensitive paint	Directions for making temperature sensitive paint.
4A10.42	thermosensitive pigment	Double iodide of mercury and silver (HgI2.2AgI) changes form yellow to red on heating. Several demos. See AJP 30(4),300
4A10.45	thermochromic cards	Many demonstrations are discussed using thermochromic cards as temperature indicators, such as pictures, diagrams, references. See TPT 1(5), 226
4A10.50	cholesteric liquid crystals	Making liquid crystals for thermal mapping. See AJP 38(4),425
4A10.70	pyrometry	1) Show the changes in color and brightness as a iron wire is heated. 2) Place a lamp on the focal plane of a projection lantern and vary the voltage so the filament appears darker and brighter than the background.
4A10.90	temperature ranges	Prepare a large diagram several meters long ranging from 0 to 6000 K with points of interest indicated.

4A20. Liquid Expansion

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4A20.10	thermal expansion of water	A flask with a long slender neck is filled with water and immersed in a hot water bath. The fluid will drop before rising. (Tippy bird or sproot)
4A20.11	Mercury Torricelli tube	A small bulb with a capillary full of mercury is immersed in a bath of hot water. The meniscus falls, then rises.
4A20.12	Thermometer(Torricelli tube)	A thermometer inserted in hot water shows a drop in temperature as the glass expands before the liquid warms.
4A20.13	water thermometer	A bulb with a small bore tube.
4A20.20	expansion of fluids	A manometer is surrounded on one side with ice water and on the other by steam.
4A20.25	expansion of liquids	A number of test tubes filled with various liquids are immersed in a hot water bath. Expansion is magnified by small bore tubes.
4A20.30	maximum density of water	A flask with a narrow stem shows volume changes and a thermocouple shows temperature changes when water is allowed to warm from 0 C. Use a 100ml quartz flask and 1 mm bore capillary tube for a meniscus drop of 5 to 6 mm and Immerse a water thermometer in an ice bath.
4A20.35	water at 4 C	The familiar Hope apparatus. A tall cylinder of water with a collar of salt/ice around the middle will freeze at the top and remain at 4 C at the bottom. A jar of water 35cm high with 15 cm of ice flaoting on top, the temperature at the bottom does not fall below 4 C.
4A20.40	coefficient of expansion of oil	A hydrometer is used to measure the density of olive oil as it cools. See TPT 2(7),338

4A30. Solid Expansion

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4A30.10a	Bimetallic Strip	A bimetal strip of brass and steel is heated in a Bunsen burner flame and then cooled with liquid nitrogen.
4A30.10b	Bimetalic Strip with Stand	A mounted bimetallic strip is heated and compared to its room temperature state.
4A30.11a	thermostat	A small bimetal strip acts as a switch in a thermostat.
4A30.11b	bimetallic strip thermostat	Set up a bimetallic strip thermostat to ring bells or flash lights.
4A30.11c	thermostat model	A bimetallic strip bends away from an electrical contact when heated turning off a light.
4A30.12	turn signal oscillator	Two types of turn signal oscillators that use bimetal strips are discussed. See AJP 55(10),954
4A30.20	Large Ball and Ring Stand	A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature but not when the ball is heated.
4A30.21	Ball and Ring	A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature.
4A30.22	Balls and Plate	A plate with a hole is heated with a set of two balls, one over and one under size. Heat the plate and slip over both.
4A30.23	shrink fit	Heat a brass ring and slip it onto a slightly tapered steel bar and pass around the class. See 30.21 in reverse.
4A30.30	forces caused by change of length	A heavy iron bar heated and placed in a yoke breaks a cast iron bolt as it cools.
4A30.30a	pin breaker	Heat a rod to break a 1/8" diameter pin by expansion.
4A30.30b	Break the Bolt	A heated bar is tightened in a yoke against a cast iron peg which breaks as the bar cools.
4A30.31	break the bolt	A drill rod clamped between a inner steel rod and an outer brass tube breaks when the brass tube is heated. Diagram.
4A30.40	Jumping Discs	Bimetal discs "jump" upon cooling after being heated.
4A30.45	bending glass by expansion	One edge of a strip of plate glass is heated with a Bunsen burner causing the glass to bend toward the cooler side.
4A30.46	Trevelyan rocker	A brass or copper rocker heated and placed on a lead support will rock due to expansion of the lead. Diagram.
4A30.50	expansion of quartz and glass	Quartz and glass tubes are both heated with a torch and plunged into water. Try the same thing with Pyrex and soft glass.
4A30.55	expansion of a C Rod	Steam is passed through an aluminum tube and a dial indicator shows the change in length.
4A30.58	Thermal Expansion of Metal Rods	An apparatus holds rods of different materials while they are heated over a flame. Each rod expands linearly to different extents while heating.
4A30.60	sagging wire	Heat a length of nichrome wire electrically and watch it sag. ALSO - Recalescence temperature of iron (800 C).
4A30.65	bridge expansion	Either the wire or the roadway can be heated in this model of a suspension bridge.
4A30.69	gridiron pendulum	A gridiron pendulum of constant effective length when heated is made of tubes of brass and zinc; ie a pendulum that maintains effectiveness with changing temperature.
4A30.80	heat rubber bands	1) Pass out rubber bands, have the students stretch them while holding against lips, then wait and reverse for cooling. 2) Hang a 1 kg mass from four rubber bands so it touches the table, heat 20 sec with a heat lamp and the mass will lift 1 cm. See AJP31(5),397
4A30.80a	thermal properties of rubber	Rubber tubing inside a copper shield contracts as it is heated.
4A30.82	heat rubber	A complex apparatus that oscillates as a rubber band is heated and cooled.

4A30.11 Bimetallic Strip Switch
4A30.55 Long Rod with Spinning Straw

4A40. Properties of Materials at Low

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4A40.10	lead bell	Ring a lead bell at room temperature and after it has been cooled in liquid nitrogen.
4A40.15	solder spring	Cool a solder spring in liquid nitrogen and hang a mass from it.
4A40.20	mercury hammer	Cast a mercury hammer and freeze with liquid nitrogen in the shape of a hammer head. Use the mercury hammer to pound a nail.
4A40.30	smashing rose and tube	Cool a rose, urffer tube, rubber hose, or handball in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it.
4A40.32	low temp behavior	A discussion of a heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen lab and a listing of the usual demonstrations. See TPT 28(8),544
4A40.32	low temp behavior	Smash a wiener, sheet metal, flower, hollow rubber ball, saw a sponge, alcohol is viscous, a pencil won't mark.
4A40.40	viscous alcohol	Ethyl alcohol becomes very viscous at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Cool alcohol with liquid nitrogen and pour through a cloth screen.
4A40.50	liquid air fountain	A fountain is made using evaporating liquid air as a pressure source.
4A40.60	absorption of gases	A test tube filled with charcoal is attached to a bent 80 cm tube dipped in a beaker of mercury. When the charcoal is cooled, the mercury rises. A discharge tube filled with charcoal passes through all the stages to vacuum when cooled in liquid air.
4A40.70	burning in liquid oxygen	Steel wool is burned after being immersed in liquid oxygen.
4A40.72	burning in liquid oxygen	While smoking a cigarette the lecturer puts liquid oxygen in the mouth and blows out.
4A40.75	reactions in liquid oxygen	Drop a piece of potassium cooled in liquid oxygen into water.
4A40.80	filtering liquid air	Crystals of ice and carbon dioxide are retained in a filter.
4A40.85	density of liquid air	Pour liquid air into water. As the nitrogen evaporates, the liquid air sinks and oscillates with convection currents.

4A50. Liquid Helium

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4A50.10	basic low temperature apparatus	The basic apparatus for working with liquid helium is reviewed. Details in appendix, p.1305.
4A50.11	low temp apparatus	Pictures of many devices for use in lecture demonstration and laboratory. See AJP 34(8),692
4A50.20	superconduction in lead	A superconducting ammeter allows direct observation of the current. Lead in liquid helium is superconducting and floats a magnet. See AJP 43(12),1105
4A50.30	the persistent current	A niobium coil remains superconduction at 4.2 K for up to 5 amps. Picture, Diagram.
4A50.40	lambda-point transition	The transition between helium I and II.
4A50.50	superleak	Leakage through a fritted disk happens with helium I but not II.
4A50.60	the fountain effect	The fountain effect. Pictures.
4A50.70	rollin creeping film	A film of helium II creeps out of a dish. Picture.
4A50.80	resistance vs. temperature	A circuit shown can be used to demonstrate superconductivity in lecture. Diagram.

Demonstrations

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= 4A10. Thermometry =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4A10.10	||	various thermometers	||	Show many different thermometers.	||
||	4A10.12	||	commercial apparatus	||	A listing of commercial apparatus for measuring temperature.	||
||	4A10.13	||	demonstration thermometer	||	Review of the large dial Atomic Laboratories thermometer. See AJP 29(6),368	||
||	4A10.15	||	mercury thermometer(s)	||	Show various liquid thermometers.	||
||	4A10.20	||	Galileo's thermometer	||	A set of glass spheroid buoys of varying density in a glass cylinder arranged so the lowest floating ball represents the temperature. History and sources. See AJP 57,845-846. See AJP 59(1),90 	||
||	4A10.25	||	low temperature thermometers	||	Measure temperatures with thermocouples or a pentane low-temperature thermometer.	||
||	4A10.30	||	thermocouple	||	The copper-constantan thermocouple and galvanometer as a lecture table thermometer.	||
||	4A10.31	||	thermocouples	||	Make a thermocouple and demonstrate it if you are going to use it in thermoelectricity.	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.35	||<#dddddd>	supersensitive thermometer	||<#dddddd>	Directions for making a thermometer from a thermistor and transistor amplifier.	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.40	||<#dddddd>	temperature sensitive paint	||<#dddddd>	Directions for making temperature sensitive paint.	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.42	||<#dddddd>	thermosensitive pigment	||<#dddddd>	Double iodide of mercury and silver (HgI2.2AgI) changes form yellow to red on heating. Several demos. See AJP 30(4),300	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.45	||<#dddddd>	thermochromic cards	||<#dddddd>	Many demonstrations are discussed using thermochromic cards as temperature indicators, such as pictures, diagrams, references. See TPT 1(5), 226	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.50	||<#dddddd>	cholesteric liquid crystals	||<#dddddd>	Making liquid crystals for thermal mapping. See AJP 38(4),425	||
||	4A10.70	||	pyrometry	||	1) Show the changes in color and brightness as a iron wire is heated. 2) Place a lamp on the focal plane of a projection lantern and vary the voltage so the filament appears darker and brighter than the background.	||
||<#dddddd>	4A10.90	||<#dddddd>	temperature ranges	||<#dddddd>	Prepare a large diagram several meters long ranging from 0 to 6000 K with points of interest indicated.	||

= 4A20. Liquid Expansion =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4A20.00	||	Liquid Expansion	||		||
||	4A20.10	||	Torchelli tube	||		||
||	4A20.10	||	Torricelli tube	||	Immerse a Torchelli tube filled with red water in a boiling water bath. The fluid will drop before rising.	||
||	4A20.10	||	expansion of a tube by heating	||	A flask with a long slender neck is filled with colored water and immersed in a hot water bath.	||
||	4A20.10	||	thermal expansion of water	||	Fill a round bottomed flask with water, stick a slender tube in the neck, and heat with a burner.	||
||	4A20.11	||	Torricelli tube	||	A small bulb with a capillary full of mercury is immersed in a bath of hot water. The meniscus falls, then rises.	||
||	4A20.12	||	Torricelli tube	||	A thermometer inserted in hot water shows a drop in temperature as the glass expands before the liquid warms.	||
||	4A20.13	||	water thermometer	||	A bulb with a small bore tube.	||
||	4A20.20	||	expansion of fluids	||	A manometer is surrounded on one side with ice water and on the other by steam.	||
||	4A20.25	||	test tube set	||	A number of test tubes filled with various liquids are immersed in a hot water bath. Expansion is magnified by small bore tubes.	||
||	4A20.30	||	maximum density of water	||		||
||	4A20.30	||	maximum density of water	||	A flask with a narrow stem shows volume changes and a thermocouple shows temperature changes when water is allowed to warm from 0 C.	||
||	4A20.30	||	maximum density of water	||	Refinements to H-28. Use a 100 ml quartz flask and 1 mm bore capillary tube for a meniscus drop of 5 to 6 mm.	||
||	4A20.30	||	negative expansion coefficient of wa	||	Immerse a water thermometer in an ice bath	||
||	4A20.35	||	water at 4 C	||	Water at the bottom of a cylinder remains at 4 C when surrounded by ice at the middle.	||
||	4A20.35	||	maxium density of water	||	The familiar Hope apparatus. A tall cylinder of water with a collar of salt/ice around the middle will freeze at the top and remain at 4 C at the bottom.	||
||	4A20.35	||	maximum density of water	||	In a jar of water 35 cm high with 15 cm of ice floating on top, the temperature at the bottom does not fall below 4 C.	||
||	4A20.40	||	coefficient of expansion of oil	||	A hydrometer is used to measure the density of olive oil as it cools.	||

= 4A30. Solid Expansion =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4A30.00	||	Solid Expansion	||		||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetal strip	||	Strips of dissimilar metals bonded together bend when heated.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetal strip	||	A bimetal strip of brass and steel is heated in a Bunsen burner flame.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetal strip	||	Strips of dissimilar metals bonded together bend when heated.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetallic strip	||	A pointer is mounted on the end of a bimetallic strip. Picture.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetal strip	||	Two 25 cm strips of brass and invar steel are welded together for use as a bimetal strip.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetallic strip	||	Just a picture.	||
||	4A30.10	||	bimetallic strip	||	Heat the commercial bimetallic strip in a flame.	||
||	4A30.11	||	thermostat model	||		||
||	4A30.11	||	thermostat	||	A small bimetal strip acts as a switch in a thermostat.	||
||	4A30.11	||	bimetallic strip thermostat	||	Set up a bimetallic strip thermostat to ring bells or flash lights.	||
||	4A30.11	||	thermostat model	||	A bimetallic strip bends away from an electrical contact when heated turning off a light.	||
||	4A30.12	||	turn signal oscillator	||	Two types of turn signal oscillators that use bimetal strips are discussed.	||
||	4A30.15	||	wire coil thermostat - zig	||		||
||	4A30.20	||	balls and ring	||	A ring with a set of two balls, one over and one under size. Heat the ring and lslip over both.	||
||	4A30.20	||	balls and ring	||		||
||	4A30.21	||	ball and ring	||	A ball passes through a ring only when it is heated.	||
||	4A30.21	||	ball and ring	||	A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature.	||
||	4A30.21	||	ball and ring	||	Just a picture.	||
||	4A30.22	||	thermal expansion	||	A brass plate with a hole is heated until it fits over a ball.	||
||	4A30.23	||	shrink fit	||	Heat a brass ring and slip it onto a slightly tapered steel bar and pass around the class.	||
||	4A30.30	||	break the bolt	||		||
||	4A30.30	||	break the bolt	||	Heat a iron bar, then tighten it in a yoke so it breaks a cast iron bar when the bar cools.	||
||	4A30.30	||	forces caused by change of length	||	A heavy iron bar heated and placed in a yoke breaks a cast iron bolt as it cools.	||
||	4A30.30	||	break the bolt	||	A heated bar is tightened in a yoke against a cast iron peg which breaks as the bar cools.	||
||	4A30.30	||	pin breaker	||	Heat a rod to break a 1/8" diameter pin by expansion.	||
||	4A30.31	||	break the bolt	||	A drill rod clamped between a inner steel rod and an outer brass tube breaks when the brass tube is heated. Diagram.	||
||	4A30.40	||	hopping discs	||		||
||	4A30.40	||	hopping discs	||	Bimetal discs hop on guide wires between hot and cold plates.	||
||	4A30.45	||	bending glass by expansion	||	One edge of a strip of plate glass is heated with a Bunsen burner causing the glass to bend toward the cooler side.	||
||	4A30.46	||	Trevelyan rocker	||	A brass or copper rocker heated and placed on a lead support will rock due to expansion of the lead. Diagram.	||
||	4A30.50	||	expansion of quartz and glass	||		||
||	4A30.50	||	expansion of quartz and glass	||		||
||	4A30.50	||	expansion of quartz	||	Quartz and glass tubes are both heated with a torch and plunged into water.	||
||	4A30.50	||	expansion of quartz and glass	||	Heat a piece of quartz tube and quench it in water. Try the same thing with Pyrex and soft glass.	||
||	4A30.55	||	expansion of a tube	||	Steam is passed through an aluminum tube and a dial indicator shows the change in length.	||
||	4A30.55	||	expansion tube	||	One end of a tube rests on a needle attached to a pointer that moves as the tube is heated.	||
||	4A30.60	||	sagging wire	||		||
||	4A30.60	||	sagging wire	||		||
||	4A30.60	||	sagging wire	||	Heat a length of nichrome wire electrically and watch it sag. ALSO - Recalescence temperature of iron (800 C).	||
||	4A30.60	||	linear expansion of a wire	||	A wire is heated electrically and a pointer indicates change of length. Also recalescence of iron.	||
||	4A30.60	||	thermal expansion of wire	||	A long iron wire with a small weight hanging at the midpoint is heated electrically.	||
||	4A30.61	||	expanding wire	||	One end of a heated wire is passed over a pulley to a weight. The pulley has a pointer attached.	||
||	4A30.65	||	bridge expansion	||	Either the wire or the roadway can be heated in this model of a suspension bridge.	||
||	4A30.69	||	gridiron pendulum	||	A gridiron pendulum of constant effective length when heated is made of tubes of brass and zinc.	||
||	4A30.80	||	heat rubber bands	||		||
||	4A30.80	||	heat rubber bands	||		||
||	4A30.80	||	heat rubber bands	||	1) Pass out rubber bands, have the students stretch them while holding against lips, then wait and reverse for cooling. 2) Hang a 1 kg mass from four rubber bands so it touches the table, heat 20 sec with a heat lamp and the mass will lift 1 cm.	||
||	4A30.80	||	thermal properties of rubber	||	Rubber tubing inside a copper shield contracts as it is heated.	||
||	4A30.80	||	heat rubber	||	Hang a 100 g weight from a rubber band and heat with a radiant heater. Or, enclose a rubber tube in a brass cylinder and heat with a Bunsen burner.	||
||	4A30.80	||	rubber band on lips	||	Pass out rubber bands for the students to put on their lips to feel the change in temperature as they stretch and unstretch.	||
||	4A30.82	||	heat rubber	||	A complex apparatus that oscillates as a rubber band is heated and cooled.	||

  * 4A30.10 [:BiStrip: Bimetallic Strip]

  * 4A30.11 [:BiStripSwitch: Bimetallic Strip Switch]

  * 4A30.20 [:LBRS: Large Ball and Ring Stand]

  * 4A30.21 [:BallRing:Ball and Ring] 

  * 4A30.22 [:BallsPlate: Balls and Plate]

  * 4A30.40 [:JumpDisks: Jumping Discs]

  * 4A30.55 [:LongRodSpinStraw: Long Rod with Spinning Straw]

  * 4A30.58 [:MetalRods: Thermal Expansion of Metal Rods] 


= 4A40. Properties of Materials at Low =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4A40.00	||	Properties of Materials at Low	||		||
||	4A40.10	||	lead bell, solder spring	||	Ring a lead bell after it is frozen in liquid nitrogen, Cool a coil of solder to make a spring.	||
||	4A40.10	||	lead bell	||	Ring a lead bell at room temperature and after it has been cooled in liquid nitrogen.	||
||	4A40.10	||	lead bell	||	A lead bell frozen in liquid nitrogen gives a tone.	||
||	4A40.10	||	lead bell, solder spring	||	A lead bell rings at low temp, a solder spring supports a weight.	||
||	4A40.15	||	solder spring	||		||
||	4A40.15	||	solder spring	||	Cool a solder spring in liquid nitrogen and hang a mass from it.	||
||	4A40.15	||	elasticity of low temperature	||	Liquid nitrogen and a solder spring, rubber hose, etc.	||
||	4A40.20	||	mercury hammer	||		||
||	4A40.20	||	mercury hammer	||	Mercury is frozen in the shape of a hammer head and used to pound a nail.	||
||	4A40.20	||	mercury hammer	||	Cast a mercury hammer and freeze with liquid nitrogen.	||
||	4A40.30	||	smashing rose and tube	||	Cool a rose, urffer tube, or handball in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it.	||
||	4A40.30	||	smashing rose and tube	||	Cool a rose in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it.	||
||	4A40.30	||	rubber at low temperature	||	A rubber hose is dipped in liquid nitrogen and smashed.	||
||	4A40.32	||	low temp behavior	||	A discussion of a heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen lab and a listing of the usual demonstrations.	||
||	4A40.32	||	low temp behavior	||	Smash a wiener, sheet metal, flower, hollow rubber ball, saw a sponge, alcohol is viscous, a pencil won't mark.	||
||	4A40.33	||	cyrogenics day in a high school	||	Description of the annual cryogenics day at F. D. Roosevelt High School listing many demonstrations.	||
||	4A40.35	||	cool rubber band	||		||
||	4A40.40	||	viscous alcohol	||		||
||	4A40.40	||	viscous alcohol	||	Ethyl alcohol becomes very viscous at liquid nitrogen temperatures.	||
||	4A40.40	||	viscosity of alcohol at low temp	||	Cool alcohol with liquid nitrogen and pour through a cloth screen.	||
||	4A40.50	||	liquid air fountain	||	A fountain is made using evaporating liquid air as a pressure source.	||
||	4A40.60	||	absorption of gases	||	A test tube filled with charcoal is attached to a bent 80 cm tube dipped in a beaker of mercury. When the charcoal is cooled, the mercury rises.	||
||	4A40.60	||	absorption of gases	||	A discharge tube filled with charcoal passes through all the stages to vacuum when cooled in liquid air.	||
||	4A40.70	||	burning in liquid oxygen	||	Steel wool is burned after being immersed in liquid oxygen.	||
||	4A40.71	||	burning in liquid oxygen	||	Old cigars (and other things) burn well when saturated with liquid oxygen.	||
||	4A40.72	||	burning in liquid oxygen	||	While smoking a cigarette the lecturer puts liquid oxygen in the mouth and blows out.	||
||	4A40.75	||	reactions in liquid oxygen	||	Drop a piece of potassium cooled in liquid oxygen into water.	||
||	4A40.80	||	filtering liquid air	||	Crystals of ice and carbon dioxide are retained in a filter.	||
||	4A40.85	||	density of liquid air	||	Pour liquid air into water. As the nitrogen evaporates, the liquid air sinks and oscillates with convection currents.	||
||	4A40.90	||	low temperature lattice models	||	Arrays of magnetic quadrapoles in square and triangular lattices simulate orientational ordering of diatomec molecule at low temperatures.	||

= 4A50. Liquid Helium =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4A50.00	||	Liquid Helium	||		||
||	4A50.10	||	basic low temperature apparatus	||	The basic apparatus for working with liquid helium is reviewed. Details in appendix, p.1305.	||
||	4A50.11	||	low temp apparatus	||	Pictures of many devices for use in lecture demonstration and laboratory.	||
||	4A50.20	||	superconduction in lead	||	A superconducting ammeter allows direct observation of the current.	||
||	4A50.20	||	superconduction in lead	||	Lead in liquid helium is superconducting and floats a magnet. Picture.	||
||	4A50.30	||	the persistent current	||	A niobium coil remains superconduction at 4.2 K for up to 5 amps. Picture, Diagram.	||
||	4A50.40	||	lambda-point transition	||	The transition between helium I and II.	||
||	4A50.50	||	superleak	||	Leakage through a fritted disk happens with helium I but not II.	||
||	4A50.60	||	the fountain effect	||	The fountain effect. Pictures.	||
||	4A50.70	||	rollin creeping film	||	A film of helium II creeps out of a dish. Picture.	||
||	4A50.80	||	resistance vs. temperature	||	A circuit shown can be used to demonstrate superconductivity in lecture. Diagram.	||
+||<#dddddd>All Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. ||
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-[:Instructional:Home]
+<<Anchor(Thermometry)>>

= 4A10. Thermometry =
||<10%  style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="text-align:center">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<60%  style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' ||
||4A10.10 ||[[Thermometers|Examples of Thermometers]] ||Show many different thermometers. ||
||4A10.12 ||commercial apparatus ||A listing of commercial apparatus for measuring temperature. ||
||4A10.13 ||demonstration thermometer ||Review of the large dial Atomic Laboratories thermometer. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v29/i6/p368_s1|AJP 29(6),368]] ||
||4A10.15 ||mercury thermometer(s) ||Show various liquid thermometers. ||
||4A10.20 ||Galileo's thermometer ||A set of glass spheroid buoys of varying density in a glass cylinder arranged so the lowest floating ball represents the temperature. History and sources. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v57/i9/p845_s1|AJP 57,845-846]] See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v59/i1/p90_s1|AJP 59(1),90]] ||
||4A10.25 ||low temperature thermometers ||Measure temperatures with thermocouples or a pentane low-temperature thermometer. ||
||4A10.30 ||thermocouple ||The copper-constantan thermocouple and galvanometer as a lecture table thermometer. ||
||4A10.31 ||thermocouples ||Make a thermocouple and demonstrate it if you are going to use it in thermoelectricity. ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.35 ||<#dddddd>supersensitive thermometer ||<#dddddd>Directions for making a thermometer from a thermistor and transistor amplifier. ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.40 ||<#dddddd>temperature sensitive paint ||<#dddddd>Directions for making temperature sensitive paint. ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.42 ||<#dddddd>thermosensitive pigment ||<#dddddd>Double iodide of mercury and silver (HgI2.2AgI) changes form yellow to red on heating. Several demos. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v30/i4/p300_s1|AJP 30(4),300]] ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.45 ||<#dddddd>thermochromic cards ||<#dddddd>Many demonstrations are discussed using thermochromic cards as temperature indicators, such as pictures, diagrams, references. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v1/i5/p226_s1|TPT 1(5), 226]] ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.50 ||<#dddddd>cholesteric liquid crystals ||<#dddddd>Making liquid crystals for thermal mapping. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v38/i4/p425_s1|AJP 38(4),425]] ||
||4A10.70 ||pyrometry ||1) Show the changes in color and brightness as a iron wire is heated. 2) Place a lamp on the focal plane of a projection lantern and vary the voltage so the filament appears darker and brighter than the background. ||
||<#dddddd>4A10.90 ||<#dddddd>temperature ranges ||<#dddddd>Prepare a large diagram several meters long ranging from 0 to 6000 K with points of interest indicated. ||


= 4A20. Liquid Expansion =
||<10%  style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="text-align:center">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<60%  style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' ||
||4A20.10 ||thermal expansion of water ||A flask with a long slender neck is filled with water and immersed in a hot water bath. The fluid will drop before rising. (Tippy bird or sproot) ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.11 ||<#dddddd>Mercury Torricelli tube ||<#dddddd>A small bulb with a capillary full of mercury is immersed in a bath of hot water. The meniscus falls, then rises. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.12 ||<#dddddd>Thermometer(Torricelli tube) ||<#dddddd>A thermometer inserted in hot water shows a drop in temperature as the glass expands before the liquid warms. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.13 ||<#dddddd>water thermometer ||<#dddddd>A bulb with a small bore tube. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.20 ||<#dddddd>expansion of fluids ||<#dddddd>A manometer is surrounded on one side with ice water and on the other by steam. ||
||4A20.25 ||expansion of liquids ||A number of test tubes filled with various liquids are immersed in a hot water bath. Expansion is magnified by small bore tubes. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.30 ||<#dddddd>maximum density of water ||<#dddddd>A flask with a narrow stem shows volume changes and a thermocouple shows temperature changes when water is allowed to warm from 0 C. Use a 100ml quartz flask and 1 mm bore capillary tube for a meniscus drop of 5 to 6 mm and Immerse a water thermometer in an ice bath. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.35 ||<#dddddd>water at 4 C ||<#dddddd>The familiar Hope apparatus. A tall cylinder of water with a collar of salt/ice around the middle will freeze at the top and remain at 4 C at the bottom. A jar of water 35cm high with 15 cm of ice flaoting on top, the temperature at the bottom does not fall below 4 C. ||
||<#dddddd>4A20.40 ||<#dddddd>coefficient of expansion of oil ||<#dddddd>A hydrometer is used to measure the density of olive oil as it cools. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v2/i7/p338_s1|TPT 2(7),338]] ||


<<Anchor(SolidExpansion)>>

= 4A30. Solid Expansion =
||<10%  style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="text-align:center">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<60%  style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' ||
||4A30.10a ||[[BiStrip|Bimetallic Strip]] ||A bimetal strip of brass and steel is heated in a Bunsen burner flame and then cooled with liquid nitrogen. ||
||4A30.10b ||[[[BimetalStripStand|Bimetalic Strip with Stand]] ||A mounted bimetallic strip is heated and compared to its room temperature state. ||
||4A30.11a ||thermostat ||A small bimetal strip acts as a switch in a thermostat. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.11b ||<#dddddd>bimetallic strip thermostat ||<#dddddd>Set up a bimetallic strip thermostat to ring bells or flash lights. ||
||4A30.11c ||thermostat model ||A bimetallic strip bends away from an electrical contact when heated turning off a light. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.12 ||<#dddddd>turn signal oscillator ||<#dddddd>Two types of turn signal oscillators that use bimetal strips are discussed. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v55/i10/p954_s1|AJP 55(10),954]] ||
||4A30.20 ||[[LBRS|Large Ball and Ring Stand]] ||A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature but not when the ball is heated. ||
||4A30.21 ||[[BallRing|Ball and Ring]] ||A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature. ||
||4A30.22 ||[[BallsPlate|Balls and Plate]] ||A plate with a hole is heated with a set of two balls, one over and one under size. Heat the plate and slip over both. ||
||4A30.23 ||shrink fit ||Heat a brass ring and slip it onto a slightly tapered steel bar and pass around the class. See 30.21 in reverse. ||
||4A30.30 ||forces caused by change of length ||A heavy iron bar heated and placed in a yoke breaks a cast iron bolt as it cools. ||
||4A30.30a ||pin breaker ||Heat a rod to break a 1/8" diameter pin by expansion. ||
||4A30.30b ||[[Break the Bolt]] ||A heated bar is tightened in a yoke against a cast iron peg which breaks as the bar cools. ||
||4A30.31 ||break the bolt ||A drill rod clamped between a inner steel rod and an outer brass tube breaks when the brass tube is heated. Diagram. ||
||4A30.40 ||[[JumpDisks|Jumping Discs]] ||Bimetal discs "jump" upon cooling after being heated. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.45 ||<#dddddd>bending glass by expansion ||<#dddddd>One edge of a strip of plate glass is heated with a Bunsen burner causing the glass to bend toward the cooler side. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.46 ||<#dddddd>Trevelyan rocker ||<#dddddd>A brass or copper rocker heated and placed on a lead support will rock due to expansion of the lead. Diagram. ||
||4A30.50 ||expansion of quartz and glass ||Quartz and glass tubes are both heated with a torch and plunged into water. Try the same thing with Pyrex and soft glass. ||
||4A30.55 ||expansion of a C Rod ||Steam is passed through an aluminum tube and a dial indicator shows the change in length. ||
||4A30.58 ||[[MetalRods|Thermal Expansion of Metal Rods]] ||An apparatus holds rods of different materials while they are heated over a flame. Each rod expands linearly to different extents while heating. ||
||4A30.60 ||sagging wire ||Heat a length of nichrome wire electrically and watch it sag. ALSO - Recalescence temperature of iron (800 C). ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.65 ||<#dddddd>bridge expansion ||<#dddddd>Either the wire or the roadway can be heated in this model of a suspension bridge. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.69 ||<#dddddd>gridiron pendulum ||<#dddddd>A gridiron pendulum of constant effective length when heated is made of tubes of brass and zinc; ie a pendulum that maintains effectiveness with changing temperature. ||
||4A30.80 ||heat rubber bands ||1) Pass out rubber bands, have the students stretch them while holding against lips, then wait and reverse for cooling. 2) Hang a 1 kg mass from four rubber bands so it touches the table, heat 20 sec with a heat lamp and the mass will lift 1 cm. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v31/i5/p397_s1|AJP31(5),397]] ||
||4A30.80a ||thermal properties of rubber ||Rubber tubing inside a copper shield contracts as it is heated. ||
||<#dddddd>4A30.82 ||<#dddddd>heat rubber ||<#dddddd>A complex apparatus that oscillates as a rubber band is heated and cooled. ||


 * 4A30.11 [[BiStripSwitch|Bimetallic Strip Switch]]
 * 4A30.55 [[LongRodSpinStraw|Long Rod with Spinning Straw]]

= 4A40. Properties of Materials at Low =
||<10%  style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="text-align:center">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<60%  style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' ||
||4A40.10 ||lead bell ||Ring a lead bell at room temperature and after it has been cooled in liquid nitrogen. ||
||4A40.15 ||solder spring ||Cool a solder spring in liquid nitrogen and hang a mass from it. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.20 ||<#dddddd>mercury hammer ||<#dddddd>Cast a mercury hammer and freeze with liquid nitrogen in the shape of a hammer head. Use the mercury hammer to pound a nail. ||
||4A40.30 ||smashing rose and tube ||Cool a rose, urffer tube, rubber hose, or handball in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it. ||
||4A40.32 ||low temp behavior ||A discussion of a heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen lab and a listing of the usual demonstrations. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v28/i8/p544_s1|TPT 28(8),544]] ||
||4A40.32 ||low temp behavior ||Smash a wiener, sheet metal, flower, hollow rubber ball, saw a sponge, alcohol is viscous, a pencil won't mark. ||
||4A40.40 ||viscous alcohol ||Ethyl alcohol becomes very viscous at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Cool alcohol with liquid nitrogen and pour through a cloth screen. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.50 ||<#dddddd>liquid air fountain ||<#dddddd>A fountain is made using evaporating liquid air as a pressure source. ||
||4A40.60 ||absorption of gases ||A test tube filled with charcoal is attached to a bent 80 cm tube dipped in a beaker of mercury. When the charcoal is cooled, the mercury rises. A discharge tube filled with charcoal passes through all the stages to vacuum when cooled in liquid air. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.70 ||<#dddddd>burning in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd>Steel wool is burned after being immersed in liquid oxygen. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.72 ||<#dddddd>burning in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd>While smoking a cigarette the lecturer puts liquid oxygen in the mouth and blows out. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.75 ||<#dddddd>reactions in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd>Drop a piece of potassium cooled in liquid oxygen into water. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.80 ||<#dddddd>filtering liquid air ||<#dddddd>Crystals of ice and carbon dioxide are retained in a filter. ||
||<#dddddd>4A40.85 ||<#dddddd>density of liquid air ||<#dddddd>Pour liquid air into water. As the nitrogen evaporates, the liquid air sinks and oscillates with convection currents. ||


= 4A50. Liquid Helium =
||<10%  style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="text-align:center">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<60%  style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.10 ||<#dddddd>basic low temperature apparatus ||<#dddddd>The basic apparatus for working with liquid helium is reviewed. Details in appendix, p.1305. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.11 ||<#dddddd>low temp apparatus ||<#dddddd>Pictures of many devices for use in lecture demonstration and laboratory. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v34/i8/p692_s1|AJP 34(8),692]] ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.20 ||<#dddddd>superconduction in lead ||<#dddddd>A superconducting ammeter allows direct observation of the current. Lead in liquid helium is superconducting and floats a magnet. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v43/i12/p1105_s1|AJP 43(12),1105]] ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.30 ||<#dddddd>the persistent current ||<#dddddd>A niobium coil remains superconduction at 4.2 K for up to 5 amps. Picture, Diagram. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.40 ||<#dddddd>lambda-point transition ||<#dddddd>The transition between helium I and II. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.50 ||<#dddddd>superleak ||<#dddddd>Leakage through a fritted disk happens with helium I but not II. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.60 ||<#dddddd>the fountain effect ||<#dddddd>The fountain effect. Pictures. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.70 ||<#dddddd>rollin creeping film ||<#dddddd>A film of helium II creeps out of a dish. Picture. ||
||<#dddddd>4A50.80 ||<#dddddd>resistance vs. temperature ||<#dddddd>A circuit shown can be used to demonstrate superconductivity in lecture. Diagram. ||


[[Demonstrations]]

[[Instructional|Home]]

fw: Diff for "ThermalProperties"

Thermal Properties of Matter

4A10. Thermometry

4A20. Liquid Expansion

4A30. Solid Expansion

4A40. Properties of Materials at Low

4A50. Liquid Helium