Quantum Effects
PIRA classification 7A
Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. |
7A10. Photoelectric Effect
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Subsets |
Abstract |
7A10.10 |
photoelectric effect in zinc |
pira200 |
Use UV light to discharge a negatively charged clean zinc plate mounted on an electroscope, use glass as an UV blocker. |
7A10.12 |
photoelectric charging |
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Hold a positively charged object next to the zinc plate on an uncharged electroscope while illuminating it with an UV light. The electroscope will charge positively. |
7A10.15 |
discovery of photoelectric effect |
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A spark passes between two zinc electrodes attached to a 15 KV transformer when UV light is present. |
7A10.17 |
photoelectric effect with geiger ctr |
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Conversion of photons to electrons in lead foil. |
7A10.20 |
photoelectric effect with prism |
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Project different parts of the spectra onto a zinc plate on a charged electroscope. |
7A10.23 |
photoelectric effect circuit |
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A photoelectric effect apparatus based on the AD 515 electrometer op amp allows relatively inexpensive and easy direct measurement of the photopotential between anode and photocathode. |
7A10.24 |
photoelectric effect circuits |
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Very cheap current detector substitutes. |
7A10.26 |
photoelectric effect circuit |
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Single transistor circuit for use with RCA 929 phototube.or An op-amp circuit for a 1P39 or similar phototube. |
7A10.27 |
photoelectric effect circuit |
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A helpful article on stopping potential with all the basic vital information, e.g., the wavelengths of the spectral lines of mercury, and featuring a transistorized current amplifier. |
7A10.28 |
photoelectric effect circuit |
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Circuit diagram for an amplifier for use with the 1P39 tube. |
7A10.30 |
stopping potential |
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Measure the stopping potential of different colored light with a 1P39 phototube. Use interference filters at 400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 nm. |
7A10.35 |
photoelectric threshold |
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Rotate the spectrum across a zinc plate until the current rises sharply or Measure the current from a photocell exposed to different colored light. |
7A10.36 |
photoconductivity |
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A photocell is passed through the spectrum while resistance is measured. |
7A10.37 |
photoelectric charging of a capacito |
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A double pole, double throw switch connects a vacuum phototube to a capacitor, then a galvanometer while different lamps shine on the phototube. |
7A10.38 |
alkali metal photocell |
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A simple circuit for showing photoelectric current. |
7A10.40 |
solar cells |
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Shine a bright light on selenium solar cells and run a small motor or connected to an ammeter |
7A10.41 |
ring a bell |
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Shine a light on a photoelectric cell to ring a bell. |
7A10.42 |
photo-voltaic switch |
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Turn on a light using a light beam and photo-voltaic cell. |
7A10.43 |
photo detector |
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Modulate a light and use a photo detector and amplifier with a speaker. |
7A10.50 |
photoconduction vs. thermopile |
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A CdS photocell and thermopile. are moved across a projected spectrum and the outputs compared for frequency response. |
7A10.60 |
carrier recombination and lifetime |
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A photoconductor is strobed and the output observed on an oscilloscope. |
7A10.71 |
sodium photoelectric cell |
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On making a sodium photoelectric cell. |
7A10.72 |
commercial vacuum photocells |
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Discussion of low cost ceasium-on-oxidized-silver photocells. |
7A10.73 |
commercial gas-filled photocells |
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The characteristics of argon filled photocells. |
7A10.74 |
selenium photoconductor |
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Directions for making a selenium photoconductor. |
7A10.76 |
making photoconductors |
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Directions for preparing cadmium sulfide surfaces. |
7A10.99 |
photochemical reaction |
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A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is set off by a light flash. |
7A15. Millikan Oil Drop
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Subsets |
Abstract |
7A15.10 |
Millikan oil drop experiment |
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The small Millikan chamber and telescope. |
7A15.11 |
Millikan - laser illumination |
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Replace the light in the Welch apparatus with a laser. |
7A15.12 |
Millikan oil drop suggestions |
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Three suggestions for the Pasco apparatus. |
7A15.13 |
Millikan oil drop - charge change |
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The spark from a small tesla coil is used to change the charge on the drops. |
7A15.14 |
drop discriminator and ionizer |
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Modification to introduce drops into the apparatus. |
7A15.20 |
Millikan oil drop with soap bubble |
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Blow a soap bubble on a sleeve attached to an electrostatic generator. |
7A15.21 |
Millikan oil drop model - glass bead |
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Tiny glass balls are levitated in this model of Millikan's experiment. |
7A15.25 |
model of Millikan oil drop experimen |
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Place a balloon between two large metal plates attached to a Wimshurst or Balance a ping pong ball between two charged plates. |
7A15.40 |
air drop in a field |
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Apparent violation of Earnshaw's theorem when a float moves towards a field minimum. |
7A20. Compton Effect
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
7A20.10 |
Compton effect |
Use a multichannel analyzer to observe the normal Compton edge while the source and detector are isolated. Bring aluminum and lead blocks nearby and observe the backscattered peaks. |
7A20.15 |
Compton scattering with turntable |
A shielded source faces a scatterer with a scintillator rotating around at various angles. |
7A20.20 |
x-ray Compton scattering |
An x-ray beam strikes an aluminum plate at 45 degrees and the beam is scattered into an ionization chamber while a copper plate is inserted into the beam before and after scattering. |
7A50. Wave Mechanics
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Subsets |
Abstract |
7A50.10 |
frustrated total internal reflection |
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A review of the history and theory. Pellin-Broca prisms eliminate reflection losses when measurements are taken. |
7A50.10 |
frustrated total internal reflection |
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Squeeze two right angle prisms together with a "c" clamp while directing a beam of light at the interface. |
7A50.10 |
optical barrier penetration |
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A Laboratory setup of optical barrier penetration. |
7A50.10 |
barrier penetration |
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Frustrated total internal reflection with light and glass prisms demonstrates barrier penetration. |
7A50.11 |
almost total reflection |
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Use a plano-convex lens between the prisms and laser beam illumination. |
7A50.12 |
frustrated total internal reflection |
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A good note on frustrated total internal reflection and other accompanying physics. |
7A50.15 |
tunnel effect |
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Rocksalt prisms with gaps of 5 microns and 15 microns show transmission of IR to a thermopile. in one case only. |
7A50.20 |
microwave barrier penetration |
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Two right angle paraffin prisms are used with 3 cm microwaves to demonstrate barrier penetration. |
7A50.20 |
optical and microwave penetration |
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Two detectors are used in both optical and microwave barrier penetration to quantitatively show the reflected and transmitted beams. |
7A50.20 |
frustrated total internal reflection |
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Demonstrate frustrated total internal reflection using microwaves and two right angle paraffin prisms. Pictures, Reference: AJP 31(10),808. |
7A50.20 |
microwave barrier penetration |
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Microwaves are totally reflected off a plastic prism until another is touching the first. |
7A50.21 |
microwave tunnel effect |
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A waveguide transmission line with three dielectric regions driven at 5 GHz. |
7A50.21 |
microwave tunnel effect |
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A microwave "potential barrier" of three sections of waveguide - with dielectric, air and again dielectric. |
7A50.30 |
vibrating soap film |
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Soap films are vibrated at audio frequencies to produce standing waves which are projected on a screen. |
7A50.35 |
circular Rubens tube |
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A 4' diameter circular Rubens flame tube demonstrates circular standing waves. Picture. |
7A50.40 |
vibrating circular wire |
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Excite a circular wire at audio frequencies by an electromagnet drive to produce standing waves. |
7A50.40 |
vibrating circular wire |
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Eigenfrequences of a 2.2" dia. wire circle are obtained by exciting with a 650 ohm relay coil. |
7A50.40 |
vibrating circular wire |
pira200 |
A circular wire is excited at audio frequencies by an electromagnet drive to produce standing waves. Diagram, Pictures, Reference: AJP 33(10),xiv. |
7A50.50 |
uncertainty principle with E&M |
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Interpret the inverse relation between the pulse length of a signal on the oscilloscope and the spectral-energy density on a spectrum analyzer as a demonstration of the uncertainty principle. |
7A50.50 |
complementarity rule |
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Circuit for a generator that produces 1,2,4,8, or 16 pulses in a packet. Decrease in bandwidth for longer packets is evident when the Fourier power spectrum is viewed. |
7A50.52 |
electric analog circuit |
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A three dimensional electrical network of inductors and capacitors models energy density in three dimensions. |
7A50.60 |
photon counter - correlator |
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A low cost time correlator-photon counter enables demonstrations of intensity correlation function, photon-bunching, coherence time, and related topics. |
7A50.80 |
Kronig-Penny model analog computer |
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Diagram for an analog computer to simulate the Kronig-Penny model wave functions. |
7A50.90 |
Mermin's Bell theorem boxes |
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A logic circuit that makes Mermin's gedanken experiment a feasible and instructive lecture demonstration. |
7A50.90 |
noncommuting operators |
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Use the Abbe theory of image formation in the microscope is used to demonstrate noncommutativity. |
7A55. Particle/Wave Duality
7A60. X-ray and Electron Diffraction
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Subsets |
Abstract |
7A60.10 |
electron diffraction |
pira200 |
Rings or spots are shown with the old Welch electron diffraction tube. |
7A60.10 |
electron diffraction |
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The Meiners/Welch electron diffraction tube. Pictures, Diagram, Reference: AJP,30, ,549. |
7A60.10 |
electron diffraction |
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The Welch electron diffraction apparatus. |
7A60.10 |
electron diffraction |
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Rings are obtained from a commercial tube with a graphite target. |
7A60.11 |
electron diffraction - mult. slits |
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A method for making 3 micron wide slits. A schematic for the electron diffraction apparatus is given. |
7A60.12 |
tv tube electron diffraction |
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With the cooperation of a TV tube manufacturer, a gold foil was placed in a black and white TV tube. |
7A60.12 |
tv tube electron diffraction |
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Work with a local TV tube rebuilder to make an electron diffraction tube from an old TV |
7A60.15 |
Miller indices |
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A solid model of the cuprite crystal habit with the various Miller indices labels on the faces. |
7A60.20 |
diffraction model |
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7A60.20 |
X-ray and electron diffraction model |
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Generate a ring pattern by rotating fine mesh wire gauze in a point source of light. |
7A60.21 |
model Laue diffraction pattern |
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Direct a beam of light off a wood cylinder with radial glass vanes to a screen. |
7A60.22 |
model Laue diffraction pattern |
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Reflect a beam of light off a single polished rod onto a screen to illustrate Laue diffraction. |
7A60.24 |
optical analog of x-ray diffraction |
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Compare Fraunhofer diffraction patterns from masks containing repeating arrays of holes with x-ray diagrams. |
7A60.26 |
spherical projection model |
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Colored dots on the surface of a Lucite sphere represent the projection of the spots as if a single crystal was irritated at the center of spherical film. |
7A60.27 |
blocking patterns in crystal latices |
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Take a model of a crystal, replace an atom with a point source such as a flashlight battery, project the shadow pattern on a screen. |
7A60.28 |
bent crystal spectrometer model |
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A model of the Caushois bent crystal spectrometer using a beam of light and a stack of microscope slides. |
7A60.30 |
electron "Poisson spot" |
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Fresnel zones and the "Poisson spot" with electrons using an electron microscope with a good deal of historical development. |
7A60.40 |
field emission electron microscope |
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Use a simplified high voltage generator with the Leybold field emission electron microscope. |
7A60.45 |
simple field emission electron micro |
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A coin used as an electrode in a highly evacuated tube forms an image on a fluorescent screen when voltage is high enough. |
7A60.50 |
Bragg Diffraction - microwave |
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Apparatus Drawings Project No. 6: Three cm microwaves and a ball bearing array demonstrate crystal diffraction. Klystron source. |
7A60.50 |
microwave crystal diffraction model |
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Microwave diffraction is observed from a crystal model made of steel bearings mounted in a styrofoam cube. |
7A60.50 |
microwave Bragg diffraction |
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Lattices of steel ball bearings embedded in styrofoam form crystal models for microwave diffraction. |
7A60.51 |
improved Welch-Bragg mount |
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A parallelogram device that sweeps both arms through equal angles and has a direct reading of the sine of the angle. |
7A60.51 |
microwave crystal diffraction models |
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Use 1/2" brads in place of ball bearings to make the analog of polarized particles. |
7A60.51 |
microwave crystal models |
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Make models of crystals for microwave diffraction by inserting a No. 7 lead shot in styrofoam balls and then making models of the crystal structures. |
7A60.60 |
ripple tank - Bragg diffraction |
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Floating arrays of pith balls model atoms for ripple tank Bragg diffraction. Also ripple tank construction techniques. Diagrams. |
7A60.61 |
ripple tank Bragg reflection |
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An array of rods is used to demonstrate Bragg reflection. Picture. |
7A60.90 |
X-ray diffraction |
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Use a beam, rock salt, and X-ray photographic paper to show diffraction. |
7A60.91 |
x-ray diffraction |
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X-ray diffraction of a rock salt crystal mounted on a goniometer with GM tube detector. |
7A60.92 |
x-ray diffraction model |
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If you need to demonstrate the reciprocal lattice concept in relation to single-crystal x-ray diffraction patterns, this is for you. |
7A60.95 |
sample x-ray tube |
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Show a large x-ray tube. |
7A70. Condensed Matter
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Subsets |
Abstract |
7A70.10 |
F-center diffusion |
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Place a small KCl crystal in a tube furnace and project the intense blue color that is injected and diffuses through the crystal when 300 V is applied. |
7A70.15 |
Josephson phenomena analog |
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A Pendulum analog of a small-area Josephson junction between two superconductors is coupled to the analogs of other circuit elements to demonstrate a variety of time dependent phenomena observed in actual devices. |
7A70.20 |
flux quantization in superconductors |
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A induim film with lots of holes is used with a standard magnetometer. (Josephson effect simple demo)? |
7A70.25 |
Quantum Levitation - Flux Pinning |
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A demonstration of levitation, suspension and movement of a superconductor (YBCO) over a magnetic track. |
7A70.30 |
Josephson junction analog |
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Abstract from the 1981 apparatus competition describing an electronic circuit for demonstrating Josephson junction behavior. |
7A70.40 |
Josephson effect simple demo |
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Niobium wire is twisted together, varnished and built into a simple stainless tube that can be inserted into a helium dewar. I-V curves are observed on an oscilloscope. |