#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read ||<25% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">[[PiraScheme#Thermodynamics|Table of Thermodynamics]] ||<25% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; "> ||<25% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">[[FirstLaw|Thermodynamics (4B): Heat and the First Law]] ||<25% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">[[Demonstrations|Lecture Demonstrations]] || == Thermal Properties of Matter == ''PIRA classification 4A'' ||<#dddddd>All Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. || <<Anchor(Thermometry)>> = 4A10. Thermometry = ||<10% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''Abstract''' || ||4A10.10 ||[[Thermometers|Examples of Thermometers]] || ||Show many different thermometers. || ||4A10.12 ||commercial apparatus || ||A listing of commercial apparatus for measuring temperature. || ||4A10.13 ||demonstration thermometer || ||Review of the large dial Atomic Laboratories thermometer. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v29/i6/p368_s1|AJP 29(6),368]] || ||4A10.15 ||mercury thermometer(s) || ||Show various liquid thermometers. || ||4A10.20 ||Galileo's thermometer || ||A set of glass spheroid buoys of varying density in a glass cylinder arranged so the lowest floating ball represents the temperature. History and sources. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v57/i9/p845_s1|AJP 57,845-846]] See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v59/i1/p90_s1|AJP 59(1),90]] || ||4A10.25 ||low temperature thermometers || ||Measure temperatures with thermocouples or a pentane low-temperature thermometer. || ||4A10.30 ||thermocouple || ||The copper-constantan thermocouple and galvanometer as a lecture table thermometer. || ||4A10.31 ||thermocouples || ||Make a thermocouple and demonstrate it if you are going to use it in thermoelectricity. || ||<#dddddd>4A10.35 ||<#dddddd>supersensitive thermometer ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Directions for making a thermometer from a thermistor and transistor amplifier. || ||<#dddddd>4A10.40 ||<#dddddd>temperature sensitive paint ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Directions for making temperature sensitive paint. || ||<#dddddd>4A10.42 ||<#dddddd>thermosensitive pigment ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Double iodide of mercury and silver (HgI2.2AgI) changes form yellow to red on heating. Several demos. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v30/i4/p300_s1|AJP 30(4),300]] || ||<#dddddd>4A10.45 ||<#dddddd>thermochromic cards ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Many demonstrations are discussed using thermochromic cards as temperature indicators, such as pictures, diagrams, references. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v1/i5/p226_s1|TPT 1(5), 226]] || ||<#dddddd>4A10.50 ||<#dddddd>cholesteric liquid crystals ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Making liquid crystals for thermal mapping. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v38/i4/p425_s1|AJP 38(4),425]] || ||4A10.70 ||pyrometry || ||1) Show the changes in color and brightness as a iron wire is heated. 2) Place a lamp on the focal plane of a projection lantern and vary the voltage so the filament appears darker and brighter than the background. || ||<#dddddd>4A10.90 ||<#dddddd>temperature ranges ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Prepare a large diagram several meters long ranging from 0 to 6000 K with points of interest indicated. || = 4A20. Liquid Expansion = ||<10% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''Abstract''' || ||4A20.10 ||thermal expansion of water || ||A flask with a long slender neck is filled with water and immersed in a hot water bath. The fluid will drop before rising. (Tippy bird or sproot) || ||<#dddddd>4A20.11 ||<#dddddd>Mercury Torricelli tube ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A small bulb with a capillary full of mercury is immersed in a bath of hot water. The meniscus falls, then rises. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.12 ||<#dddddd>Thermometer(Torricelli tube) ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A thermometer inserted in hot water shows a drop in temperature as the glass expands before the liquid warms. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.13 ||<#dddddd>water thermometer ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A bulb with a small bore tube. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.20 ||<#dddddd>expansion of fluids ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A manometer is surrounded on one side with ice water and on the other by steam. || ||4A20.25 ||expansion of liquids || ||A number of test tubes filled with various liquids are immersed in a hot water bath. Expansion is magnified by small bore tubes. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.30 ||<#dddddd>maximum density of water ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A flask with a narrow stem shows volume changes and a thermocouple shows temperature changes when water is allowed to warm from 0 C. Use a 100ml quartz flask and 1 mm bore capillary tube for a meniscus drop of 5 to 6 mm and Immerse a water thermometer in an ice bath. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.35 ||<#dddddd>water at 4 C ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>The familiar Hope apparatus. A tall cylinder of water with a collar of salt/ice around the middle will freeze at the top and remain at 4 C at the bottom. A jar of water 35cm high with 15 cm of ice flaoting on top, the temperature at the bottom does not fall below 4 C. || ||<#dddddd>4A20.40 ||<#dddddd>coefficient of expansion of oil ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A hydrometer is used to measure the density of olive oil as it cools. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v2/i7/p338_s1|TPT 2(7),338]] || <<Anchor(SolidExpansion)>> = 4A30. Solid Expansion = ||<10% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''Abstract''' || ||4A30.10a ||[[BiStrip|Bimetallic Strip]] ||pira200 ||A bimetal strip of brass and steel is heated in a Bunsen burner flame and then cooled with liquid nitrogen. || ||4A30.10b ||[[BimetalStripStand|Bimetalic Strip with Stand]] || ||A mounted bimetallic strip is heated or cooled and compared to its room temperature state. || ||4A30.11a ||thermostat || ||A small bimetal strip acts as a switch in a thermostat. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.11b ||<#dddddd>bimetallic strip thermostat ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Set up a bimetallic strip thermostat to ring bells or flash lights. || ||4A30.11c ||thermostat model || ||A bimetallic strip bends away from an electrical contact when heated turning off a light. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.12 ||<#dddddd>turn signal oscillator ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Two types of turn signal oscillators that use bimetal strips are discussed. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v55/i10/p954_s1|AJP 55(10),954]] || ||4A30.20 ||[[LBRS|Large Ball and Ring Stand]] ||pira200 ||A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature but not when the ball is heated. || ||4A30.21 ||[[BallRing|Ball and Ring]] || ||A ball passes through a snugly fitting ring when both are at the same temperature. || ||4A30.22 ||[[BallsPlate|Balls and Plate]] || ||A plate with a hole is heated with a set of two balls, one over and one under size. Heat the plate and slip over both. || ||4A30.23 ||shrink fit || ||Heat a brass ring and slip it onto a slightly tapered steel bar and pass around the class. See 30.21 in reverse. || ||4A30.30 ||forces caused by change of length || ||A heavy iron bar heated and placed in a yoke breaks a cast iron bolt as it cools. || ||4A30.30a ||pin breaker || ||Heat a rod to break a 1/8" diameter pin by expansion. || ||4A30.30b ||[[Break the Bolt]] || ||A heated bar is tightened in a yoke against a cast iron peg which breaks as the bar cools. || ||4A30.31 ||break the bolt || ||A drill rod clamped between a inner steel rod and an outer brass tube breaks when the brass tube is heated. Diagram. || ||4A30.40 ||[[JumpDisks|Jumping Discs]] || ||Bimetal discs "jump" upon cooling after being heated. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.45 ||<#dddddd>bending glass by expansion ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>One edge of a strip of plate glass is heated with a Bunsen burner causing the glass to bend toward the cooler side. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.46 ||<#dddddd>Trevelyan rocker ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A brass or copper rocker heated and placed on a lead support will rock due to expansion of the lead. Diagram. || ||4A30.50 ||expansion of quartz and glass || ||Quartz and glass tubes are both heated with a torch and plunged into water. Try the same thing with Pyrex and soft glass. || ||4A30.54 ||expansion of a tube || ||Steam is passed through an aluminum tube and a dial indicator shows the change in length. || ||4A30.55a ||[[MetalRods|Thermal Expansion of Metal Rods]] || ||An apparatus holds rods of different materials while they are heated over a flame. Each rod expands linearly to different extents while heating. || ||4A30.60 ||sagging wire || ||Heat a length of nichrome wire electrically and watch it sag. ALSO - Recalescence temperature of iron (800 C). || ||<#dddddd>4A30.65 ||<#dddddd>bridge expansion ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Either the wire or the roadway can be heated in this model of a suspension bridge. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.69 ||<#dddddd>gridiron pendulum ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A gridiron pendulum of constant effective length when heated is made of tubes of brass and zinc; ie a pendulum that maintains effectiveness with changing temperature. || ||4A30.80 ||heat rubber bands || ||1) Pass out rubber bands, have the students stretch them while holding against lips, then wait and reverse for cooling. 2) Hang a 1 kg mass from four rubber bands so it touches the table, heat 20 sec with a heat lamp and the mass will lift 1 cm. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v31/i5/p397_s1|AJP31(5),397]] || ||4A30.80a ||thermal properties of rubber || ||Rubber tubing inside a copper shield contracts as it is heated. || ||<#dddddd>4A30.82 ||<#dddddd>heat rubber ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A complex apparatus that oscillates as a rubber band is heated and cooled. || * 4A30.11 [[BiStripSwitch|Bimetallic Strip Switch]] * 4A30.55 [[LongRodSpinStraw|Long Rod with Spinning Straw]] = 4A40. Properties of Materials at Low = ||<10% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''Abstract''' || ||4A40.10 ||lead bell || ||Ring a lead bell at room temperature and after it has been cooled in liquid nitrogen. || ||4A40.15 ||solder spring || ||Cool a solder spring in liquid nitrogen and hang a mass from it. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.20 ||<#dddddd>mercury hammer ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Cast a mercury hammer and freeze with liquid nitrogen in the shape of a hammer head. Use the mercury hammer to pound a nail. || ||4A40.30 ||smashing rose and tube ||pira200 ||Cool a rose, urffer tube, rubber hose, or handball in a clear dewar of liquid nitrogen and smash it. || ||4A40.32 ||low temp behavior || ||A discussion of a heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen lab and a listing of the usual demonstrations. See [[http://tpt.aapt.org/resource/1/phteah/v28/i8/p544_s1|TPT 28(8),544]] || ||4A40.32 ||low temp behavior || ||Smash a wiener, sheet metal, flower, hollow rubber ball, saw a sponge, alcohol is viscous, a pencil won't mark. || ||4A40.40 ||viscous alcohol || ||Ethyl alcohol becomes very viscous at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Cool alcohol with liquid nitrogen and pour through a cloth screen. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.50 ||<#dddddd>liquid air fountain ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A fountain is made using evaporating liquid air as a pressure source. || ||4A40.60 ||absorption of gases || ||A test tube filled with charcoal is attached to a bent 80 cm tube dipped in a beaker of mercury. When the charcoal is cooled, the mercury rises. A discharge tube filled with charcoal passes through all the stages to vacuum when cooled in liquid air. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.70 ||<#dddddd>burning in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Steel wool is burned after being immersed in liquid oxygen. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.72 ||<#dddddd>burning in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>While smoking a cigarette the lecturer puts liquid oxygen in the mouth and blows out. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.75 ||<#dddddd>reactions in liquid oxygen ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Drop a piece of potassium cooled in liquid oxygen into water. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.80 ||<#dddddd>filtering liquid air ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Crystals of ice and carbon dioxide are retained in a filter. || ||<#dddddd>4A40.85 ||<#dddddd>density of liquid air ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Pour liquid air into water. As the nitrogen evaporates, the liquid air sinks and oscillates with convection currents. || = 4A50. Liquid Helium = ||<10% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot;">'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="& amp; quot;text-align:center& amp; quot; ">'''Abstract''' || || ||<#dddddd>4A50.10 ||<#dddddd>basic low temperature apparatus ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>The basic apparatus for working with liquid helium is reviewed. Details in appendix, p.1305. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.11 ||<#dddddd>low temp apparatus ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Pictures of many devices for use in lecture demonstration and laboratory. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v34/i8/p692_s1|AJP 34(8),692]] || ||<#dddddd>4A50.20 ||<#dddddd>superconduction in lead ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A superconducting ammeter allows direct observation of the current. Lead in liquid helium is superconducting and floats a magnet. See [[http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v43/i12/p1105_s1|AJP 43(12),1105]] || ||<#dddddd>4A50.30 ||<#dddddd>the persistent current ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A niobium coil remains superconduction at 4.2 K for up to 5 amps. Picture, Diagram. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.40 ||<#dddddd>lambda-point transition ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>The transition between helium I and II. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.50 ||<#dddddd>superleak ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Leakage through a fritted disk happens with helium I but not II. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.60 ||<#dddddd>the fountain effect ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>The fountain effect. Pictures. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.70 ||<#dddddd>rollin creeping film ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A film of helium II creeps out of a dish. Picture. || ||<#dddddd>4A50.80 ||<#dddddd>resistance vs. temperature ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A circuit shown can be used to demonstrate superconductivity in lecture. Diagram. || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]