#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[PiraScheme#Mechanics|Table of Fluid Mechanics]] ||<25% style="text-align:center"> ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[StaticsOfFluids|Fluid Mechanics (2B): Statics Of Fluids]] ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[Demonstrations|Lecture Demonstrations]] || == Surface Tension == ''PIRA classification 2A'' 55 Demonstrations listed of which 17 are grayed out ||<#dddddd>Grayed out demonstrations are '''not''' available or within our archive and are under consideration to be added. || = 2A10. Force of Surface Tension = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||2A10.10 ||Soap Film Pullup || ||A soap film pulls a sliding wire up a "U" shaped frame. || ||2A10.11 ||Sliding Wire || ||A sliding wire frame film with a spring on one end and a string pull on the other shows that tension does not increase with length. || ||2A10.15 ||Submerged Float || ||A cork and lead device floats with a wire ring above the surface. Push the ring below the surface and it remains until soap is added to reduce the surface tension. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-213]]. || ||2A10.20 ||Floating Metals ||pira200||Float needles, paperclips, rings of wire, etc. on water. Add a little soap to sink the needle. || ||2A10.21 ||Floating Metal Sheet || ||Float a sheet of metal on the surface of distilled water and add weights until the metal sinks. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.25 ||<#dddddd>Leaky Boats ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Try to float several large (one foot long) flat bottomed boats made of different screen material or aluminum with different size holes. A screen boat, razor blade, or small metal boat with a large hole all float on water. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-218]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.30 ||<#dddddd>Surface tension/Adhesion balance ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>An improved method for measuring surface tension by the direct pull method. A glass plate on one end of a balance beam is in contact with a water surface. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.32 ||<#dddddd>Pull on The Ring ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Pull a large ring away from the surface of a liquid with a spring sale. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-210]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.33 ||<#dddddd>Surface Tension Disc ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A flat glass disc on a soft spring is lowered onto the surface of distilled water and the extension upon pulling the disc off the water is noted. || ||2A10.35 ||Cohesion Plates || ||There is a difference in cohesion of dry and wet plate glass. Glass plates stick together when a film of water is between them. || ||2A10.37 ||Cohesion Plates Fallacy || ||If they demonstrate cohesion, why do they fall apart when placed in a bell jar that is evacuated? Atmospheric pressure holds two plate glass panes together. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000032000001000061000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1970082&prog=normal|AJP 32(1), 61]]. || ||2A10.38 ||Cohesion Tube || ||A long (2-4 m) tube full of water and sealed at the top will support the water column against gravity. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-260]]. || ||2A10.40 ||Drop Soap on Lycopodium Powder || ||Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the surface of water, then place a drop of liquid soap on the surface. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-222]]. || ||2A10.50 ||Bubbles Blowing Bubbles || ||Blow bubbles of different size on a "T" tube. The smaller soap film bubble blows up the larger one. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-239]]. || ||2A10.52 ||Rubber Balloons || ||The equation relating the internal pressure to the radius is derived and applied to the problem of the two interconnected unequal balloons. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000046000010000976000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.11486&prog=normal|AJP 46(10), 976]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.55 ||<#dddddd>Pressure in a Bubble ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Connect a slant water manometer to a tube supporting a bubble. Vary the size of the bubble and note the change of pressure. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-240]]. || ||2A10.68 ||Sponge Action || ||Water picked up by a wet sponge is greater than that picked up by a dry one. || ||2A10.71 ||Rolling Drops || ||A drop of alcohol can roll on the surface of an alcohol dish. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-252]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.73 ||<#dddddd>Plateau's Spherule ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A method of projecting and strobing drops forming down from a vertical orifice. || ||2A10.74 ||Bursting Water Bubble || ||A jet of water directed upward against the apex of a cone will cause the water to flow around and form a bubble. A drop of ether will decrease the surface tension and the bubble will collapse. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-257]]. || ||2A10.80 ||Effect of Charge on Surface Tension || ||Dripping rate is much greater from an electrically charged buret. || ||2A10.81 ||Surface Tension with Electric Field || ||Droplets from a orifice become a steady stream when connected to a Wimshurst generator. || ||2A10.83 ||Electrostatic Breakdown of Surface Tension || ||Droplets shoot out of a pond of carbon tetrachloride on a Van de Graaff generator as electrostatic breakdown of surface tension takes place. || ||2A10.84 ||Electrostatic Dispersion of Water Drop || ||Water drops from a pipette at high potential are dispersed into droplets. || ||<#dddddd>2A10.85 ||<#dddddd>Changing Drop Size ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>As the amount of sodium hydroxide is varied in a dilute solution, the size of drops formed by a olive oil jet changes with the variation of surface tension. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-247]]. || ||2A10.95 ||Temperature Effects || ||Olive oil sprayed on hot water forms droplets but on cold water forms a slick. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-258]]. || = 2A15. Minimal Surface = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||2A15.01 ||Soap Film Recipe || ||50/50 Dish Soap and Glycerin, Then add water it suit || ||2A15.10 ||Pop the Center || ||A frame with loop of thread is attached to wire ring. Dip in soap and pop the center of the loop the form a circle. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-237]]. || ||2A15.11 ||Surface Energy || ||Puncture various parts of the film that forms on a wire cube. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-234]]. || ||2A15.20 ||Soap Film Minimal Surfaces || ||Various wire frames are dipped in soap forming film form of minimal surfaces. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-236]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A15.21 ||<#dddddd>Catenoid Soap Film ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A soap film is established between two concentric rings which are pulled apart which forms a catenoid. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-235]]. || ||2A15.23 ||Soap Films - Phase Transition Model || ||Use soap films to show phase transitions by changing sizes of variable frameworks. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000059000005000415000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.16520&prog=normal|AJP 59(5), 415]]. || ||2A15.25 ||Surface Energy || ||A soap film on an inverted funnel ascends. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-232]]. || ||2A15.30 ||Soap Bubbles || ||Blow half bubbles on a glass plate. || ||<#dddddd>2A15.42 ||<#dddddd>Castor-oil Drop ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A large drop of castor oil is drawn under water where it forms a spherical drop. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-251]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A15.50 ||<#dddddd>Size of Drops ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Different size drops form on the ends of different O.D. capillary tubes. || = 2A20. Capillary Action = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||2A20.10 ||Capillary Tubes || ||Sets of capillary tubes of various diameters show capillary rise with water and capillary depression with mercury. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-214]]. || ||2A20.11 ||Depression and Rise in Capillary || ||"U" tubes with a large and small bore arm are filled with water and mercury and compared. || ||2A20.20 ||Capillary (surface tension) Hyperbola || ||Two glass plates are clamped on one edge and separated by a wire on the other. A large meniscus forms between two sheets of glass held at an angle in a pan of water. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-215]]. || ||2A20.21 ||Meniscus || ||Project the meniscus of water and mercury at the apex of wedge shaped containers. || ||<#dddddd>2A20.30 ||<#dddddd>Drops in Tapered Tubes ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A drop on water in a tapered tube moves to the narrow end and a mercury drop moves away from the narrow end. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-216]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A20.35 ||<#dddddd>Capillary Action ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Touch the end of a small glass surface with a small glass tube and the water is drawn into the tube. || ||2A20.40 ||Meniscus || ||Add 4-penny finishing nails to a full glass of water until it overflows. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-220]]. || ||2A20.45 ||Meniscus || ||Objects floating in a vessel cling to the edge until it is over full when they go to the middle. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-217]]. || ||2A20.50 ||Capillary Phenomena || ||Four items: dip your finger in water covered with lycopodium powder, a wet paintbrush in and out of water, pour water down a wet string, pour water in a flexible paper box. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-219]]. || = 2A30. Surface Tension Propulsion = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||2A30.10 ||Surface Tension Boats || ||A crystal of camphor is attached to the back of a small boat. || ||2A30.11 ||Surface Tension Boat || ||Pieces of camphor placed on the edges of a light aluminum propeller cause it to spin on the surface of water. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-224]]. || ||2A30.12 ||Surface Tension Boat || ||How to use alcohol in a surface tension boat. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-226]]. || ||2A30.13 ||Surface Tension Boat || ||Rub a match stick on a cake of soap or attach a piece of camphor and place in water. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-225]]. || ||2A30.20 ||Surface Tension Flea || ||Bits of camphor dart around on the surface of water until soap is introduced. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-223]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A30.21 ||<#dddddd>Surface Tension Flea ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A drop of Duco cement will dart around on the surface of water, two drops will play tag. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-227]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A30.30 ||<#dddddd>Mercury Heart ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>A globule of mercury is covered with 10% sulfuric acid with a few crystals of potassium dichromate. Touch the mercury with an iron wire to produce rhythmic pulsation. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-230]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A30.31 ||<#dddddd>Mercury Amoeba ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Place a crystal of potassium dichromate near a globule of mercury covered with 10% nitric acid. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-228]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A30.32 ||<#dddddd>Mercury Heart ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>Cover a globule of mercury with 10% hydrogen peroxide and add 1% sodium bicarbonate. A yellow film appears on the mercury and breaks down regularly. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-229]]. || ||<#dddddd>2A30.35 ||<#dddddd>Pulsating Air Bubble ||<#dddddd> ||<#dddddd>An inverted watch glass traps an air bubble over water. Alcohol is introduced at the edge of the bubble through a bent tube at a rate that causes pulsations. See [[http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1|Sutton M-231]]. || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]