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| ||2A10.10|| soap film pullup|| A soap film pulls a sliding wire up a "U" shaped frame.|| ||2A10.11|| sliding wire|| A sliding wire frame film with a spring on one end and a string pull on the other shows that tension does not increase with length.|| ||2A10.15|| submerged float|| A cork and lead device floats with a wire ring above the surface. Push the ring below the surface and it remains until soap is added to reduce the surface tension.|| ||2A10.20|| floating metals|| Float needles, paperclips, rings of wire, etc. on water.|| ||2A10.21|| floating metal sheet|| Float a sheet of metal on the surface of distilled water and add weights until the metal sinks.|| ||2A10.25||<#dddddd> leaky boats||<#dddddd> Try to float several large (one foot long) flat bottomed boats made of different screen material or aluminum with different size holes. A screen boat, razor blade, or small metal boat with a large hole all float on water.|| ||2A10.30||<#dddddd> surface tension/Adhesion balance||<#dddddd> An improved method for measuring surface tension by the direct pull method. A glass plate on one end of a balance beam is in contact with a water surface.|| ||2A10.32||<#dddddd> pull on the ring||<#dddddd> Pull a large ring away from the surface of a liquid with a spring sale.|| ||2A10.33||<#dddddd> surface tension disc||<#dddddd> A flat glass disc on a soft spring is lowered onto the surface of distilled water and the extension upon pulling the disc off the water is noted.|| ||2A10.35|| cohesion plates|| There is a difference in cohesion of dry and wet plate glass. Glass plates stick together when a film of water is between them.|| ||2A10.37|| cohesion plates fallacy|| If they demonstrate cohesion, why do they fall apart when placed in a bell jar that is evacuated? Atmospheric pressure holds two plate glass panes together.|| ||2A10.38|| cohesion tube|| A long (2-4 m) tube full of water and sealed at the top will support the water column against gravity.|| ||2A10.40|| drop soap on lycopodium powder|| Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the surface of water, then place a drop of liquid soap on the surface.|| ||2A10.50|| bubbles blowing bubbles|| Blow bubbles of different size on a "T" tube. The smaller soap film bubble blows up the larger one.|| ||2A10.52|| rubber balloons|| The equation relating the internal pressure to the radius is derived and applied to the problem of the two interconnected unequal balloons.|| ||2A10.55||<#dddddd> pressure in a bubble||<#dddddd> Connect a slant water manometer to a tube supporting a bubble. Vary the size of the bubble and note the change of pressure.|| ||2A10.68|| sponge action|| Water picked up by a wet sponge is greater than that picked up by a dry one.|| ||2A10.71|| rolling drops|| A drop of alcohol can roll on the surface of an alcohol dish.|| ||2A10.73||<#dddddd> Plateau's spherule||<#dddddd> A method of projecting and strobing drops forming down from a vertical orifice.|| ||2A10.74|| bursting water bubble|| A jet of water directed upward against the apex of a cone will cause the water to flow around and form a bubble. A drop of ether will decrease the surface tension and the bubble will collapse.|| ||2A10.80|| effect of charge on surface tension|| Dripping rate is much greater from an electrically charged buret.|| ||2A10.81|| surface tension with electric field|| Droplets from a orifice become a steady stream when connected to a Wimshurst generator.|| ||2A10.83|| electrostatic breakdown of surface tension|| Droplets shoot out of a pond of carbon tetrachloride on a Van de Graaff generator as electrostatic breakdown of surface tension takes place.|| ||2A10.84|| electrostatic dispersion of water drop|| Water drops from a pipette at high potential are dispersed into droplets.|| ||2A10.85||<#dddddd> changing drop size||<#dddddd> As the amount of sodium hydroxide is varied in a dilute solution, the size of drops formed by a olive oil jet changes with the variation of surface tension.|| ||2A10.95|| temperature effects|| Olive oil sprayed on hot water forms droplets but on cold water forms a slick.|| |
||2A10.10||Soap Film Pullup||A soap film pulls a sliding wire up a "U" shaped frame.|| ||2A10.11||Sliding Wire||A sliding wire frame film with a spring on one end and a string pull on the other shows that tension does not increase with length.|| ||2A10.15||Submerged Float||A cork and lead device floats with a wire ring above the surface. Push the ring below the surface and it remains until soap is added to reduce the surface tension. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-213].|| ||2A10.20||Floating Metals||Float needles, paperclips, rings of wire, etc. on water.|| ||2A10.21||Floating Metal Sheet||Float a sheet of metal on the surface of distilled water and add weights until the metal sinks.|| ||<#dddddd>2A10.25||<#dddddd>Leaky Boats||<#dddddd>Try to float several large (one foot long) flat bottomed boats made of different screen material or aluminum with different size holes. A screen boat, razor blade, or small metal boat with a large hole all float on water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-218].|| ||<#dddddd>2A10.30||<#dddddd>Surface tension/Adhesion balance||<#dddddd>An improved method for measuring surface tension by the direct pull method. A glass plate on one end of a balance beam is in contact with a water surface.|| ||<#dddddd>2A10.32||<#dddddd>Pull on The Ring||<#dddddd>Pull a large ring away from the surface of a liquid with a spring sale. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-210].|| ||<#dddddd>2A10.33||<#dddddd>Surface Tension Disc||<#dddddd>A flat glass disc on a soft spring is lowered onto the surface of distilled water and the extension upon pulling the disc off the water is noted.|| ||2A10.35||Cohesion Plates||There is a difference in cohesion of dry and wet plate glass. Glass plates stick together when a film of water is between them.|| ||2A10.37||Cohesion Plates Fallacy||If they demonstrate cohesion, why do they fall apart when placed in a bell jar that is evacuated? Atmospheric pressure holds two plate glass panes together. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000032000001000061000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1970082&prog=normal AJP 32(1), 61].|| ||2A10.38||Cohesion Tube||A long (2-4 m) tube full of water and sealed at the top will support the water column against gravity. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-260].|| ||2A10.40||Drop Soap on Lycopodium Powder||Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the surface of water, then place a drop of liquid soap on the surface. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-222].|| ||2A10.50||Bubbles Blowing Bubbles||Blow bubbles of different size on a "T" tube. The smaller soap film bubble blows up the larger one. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-239].|| ||2A10.52||Rubber Balloons||The equation relating the internal pressure to the radius is derived and applied to the problem of the two interconnected unequal balloons. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000046000010000976000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.11486&prog=normal AJP 46(10), 976].|| ||2A10.55||<#dddddd>Pressure in a Bubble||<#dddddd>Connect a slant water manometer to a tube supporting a bubble. Vary the size of the bubble and note the change of pressure. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-240].|| ||2A10.68||Sponge Action||Water picked up by a wet sponge is greater than that picked up by a dry one.|| ||2A10.71||Rolling Drops||A drop of alcohol can roll on the surface of an alcohol dish. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-252].|| ||2A10.73||<#dddddd>Plateau's Spherule||<#dddddd>A method of projecting and strobing drops forming down from a vertical orifice.|| ||2A10.74||Bursting Water Bubble||A jet of water directed upward against the apex of a cone will cause the water to flow around and form a bubble. A drop of ether will decrease the surface tension and the bubble will collapse. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-257].|| ||2A10.80||Effect of Charge on Surface Tension||Dripping rate is much greater from an electrically charged buret.|| ||2A10.81||Surface Tension with Electric Field||Droplets from a orifice become a steady stream when connected to a Wimshurst generator.|| ||2A10.83||Electrostatic Breakdown of Surface Tension||Droplets shoot out of a pond of carbon tetrachloride on a Van de Graaff generator as electrostatic breakdown of surface tension takes place.|| ||2A10.84||Electrostatic Dispersion of Water Drop||Water drops from a pipette at high potential are dispersed into droplets.|| ||2A10.85||<#dddddd>Changing Drop Size||<#dddddd>As the amount of sodium hydroxide is varied in a dilute solution, the size of drops formed by a olive oil jet changes with the variation of surface tension. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-247].|| ||2A10.95||Temperature Effects||Olive oil sprayed on hot water forms droplets but on cold water forms a slick. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-258].|| |
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| ||2A15.01||Soap film recipe|| 50/50 Dish Soap and Glycerin, Then add water it suit|| ||2A15.10||Pop the center|| A frame with loop of thread is attached to wire ring. Dip in soap and pop the center of the loop the form a circle.|| ||2A15.11||Surface energy|| Puncture various parts of the film that forms on a wire cube.|| ||2A15.20||Soap film minimal surfaces|| Various wire frames are dipped in soap forming film form of minimal surfaces.|| ||2A15.21||<#dddddd>Catenoid soap film||<#dddddd> A soap film is established between two concentric rings which are pulled apart which forms a catenoid|| ||2A15.23||Soap films - phase transition model-|| Use soap films to show phase transitions by changing sizes of variable frameworks.|| ||2A15.25||Surface energy|| A soap film on an inverted funnel ascends.|| ||2A15.30||Soap bubbles|| Blow half bubbles on a glass plate. More.|| ||2A15.42||<#dddddd>Castor-oil drop||<#dddddd> A large drop of castor oil is drawn under water where it forms a spherical drop.|| ||2A15.50||<#dddddd>Size of drops||<#dddddd> Different size drops form on the ends of different O.D. capillary tubes.|| |
||2A15.01||Soap Film Recipe||50/50 Dish Soap and Glycerin, Then add water it suit|| ||2A15.10||Pop the Center||A frame with loop of thread is attached to wire ring. Dip in soap and pop the center of the loop the form a circle. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-237].|| ||2A15.11||Surface Energy||Puncture various parts of the film that forms on a wire cube. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-234].|| ||2A15.20||Soap Film Minimal Surfaces||Various wire frames are dipped in soap forming film form of minimal surfaces. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-236].|| ||<#dddddd>2A15.21||<#dddddd>Catenoid Soap Film||<#dddddd>A soap film is established between two concentric rings which are pulled apart which forms a catenoid. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-235].|| ||2A15.23||Soap Films - Phase Transition Model||Use soap films to show phase transitions by changing sizes of variable frameworks. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000059000005000415000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.16520&prog=normal AJP 59(5), 415].|| ||2A15.25||Surface Energy||A soap film on an inverted funnel ascends. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-232].|| ||2A15.30||Soap Bubbles||Blow half bubbles on a glass plate.|| ||<#dddddd>2A15.42||<#dddddd>Castor-oil Drop||<#dddddd>A large drop of castor oil is drawn under water where it forms a spherical drop. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-251].|| ||<#dddddd>2A15.50||<#dddddd>Size of Drops||<#dddddd>Different size drops form on the ends of different O.D. capillary tubes.|| |
| Line 58: | Line 58: |
| ||2A20.10||Capillary tubes|| Sets of capillary tubes of various diameters show capillary rise with water and capillary depression with mercury.|| ||2A20.11||Depression and rise in capillary|| "U" tubes with a large and small bore arm are filled with water and mercury and compared.|| ||2A20.20||Capillary (surface tension) hyperbola|| Two glass plates are clamped on one edge and separated by a wire on the other. A large meniscus forms between two sheets of glass held at an angle in a pan of water.|| ||2A20.21||Meniscus|| Project the meniscus of water and mercury at the apex of wedge shaped containers.|| ||2A20.30||<#dddddd>drops in tapered tubes||<#dddddd> A drop on water in a tapered tube moves to the narrow end and a mercury drop moves away from the narrow end.|| ||2A20.35||<#dddddd>Capillary action||<#dddddd> Touch the end of a small glass surface with a small glass tube and the water is drawn into the tube.|| ||2A20.40||Meniscus|| Add 4-penny finishing nails to a full glass of water until it overflows.|| ||2A20.45||Meniscus|| Objects floating in a vessel cling to the edge until it is over full when they go to the middle.|| ||2A20.50||Capillary phenomena|| Four items: dip your finger in water covered with lycopodium powder, a wet paintbrush in and out of water, pour water down a wet string, pour water in a flexible paper box.|| |
||2A20.10||Capillary Tubes||Sets of capillary tubes of various diameters show capillary rise with water and capillary depression with mercury. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-214].|| ||2A20.11||Depression and Rise in Capillary||"U" tubes with a large and small bore arm are filled with water and mercury and compared.|| ||2A20.20||Capillary (surface tension) Hyperbola||Two glass plates are clamped on one edge and separated by a wire on the other. A large meniscus forms between two sheets of glass held at an angle in a pan of water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-215].|| ||2A20.21||Meniscus||Project the meniscus of water and mercury at the apex of wedge shaped containers.|| ||<#dddddd>2A20.30||<#dddddd>Drops in Tapered Tubes||<#dddddd>A drop on water in a tapered tube moves to the narrow end and a mercury drop moves away from the narrow end. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-216].|| ||<#dddddd>2A20.35||<#dddddd>Capillary Action||<#dddddd>Touch the end of a small glass surface with a small glass tube and the water is drawn into the tube.|| ||2A20.40||Meniscus||Add 4-penny finishing nails to a full glass of water until it overflows. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-220].|| ||2A20.45||Meniscus||Objects floating in a vessel cling to the edge until it is over full when they go to the middle. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-217].|| ||2A20.50||Capillary Phenomena||Four items: dip your finger in water covered with lycopodium powder, a wet paintbrush in and out of water, pour water down a wet string, pour water in a flexible paper box. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-219].|| |
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| ||2A30.10||Surface tension boats|| A crystal of camphor is attached to the back of a small boat.|| ||2A30.11||Surface tension boat|| Pieces of camphor placed on the edges of a light aluminum propeller cause it to spin on the surface of water.|| ||2A30.12||Surface tension boat|| How to use alcohol in a surface tension boat.|| ||2A30.13||Surface tension boat|| Rub a match stick on a cake of soap or attach a piece of camphor and place in water.|| ||2A30.20||Surface tension flea|| Bits of camphor dart around on the surface of water until soap is introduced.|| ||2A30.21||<#dddddd>Surface tension flea||<#dddddd> A drop of Duco cement will dart around on the surface of water, two drops will play tag.|| ||2A30.30||<#dddddd>Mercury heart||<#dddddd> A globule of mercury is covered with 10% sulfuric acid with a few crystals of potassium dichromate. Touch the mercury with an iron wire to produce rhythmic pulsation.|| ||2A30.31||<#dddddd>Mercury amoeba||<#dddddd> Place a crystal of potassium dichromate near a globule of mercury covered with 10% nitric acid.|| ||2A30.32||<#dddddd>Mercury heart||<#dddddd> Cover a globule of mercury with 10% hydrogen peroxide and add 1% sodium bicarbonate. A yellow film appears on the mercury and breaks down regularly.|| ||2A30.35||<#dddddd>Pulsating air bubble||<#dddddd> An inverted watch glass traps an air bubble over water. Alcohol is introduced at the edge of the bubble through a bent tube at a rate that causes pulsations.|| |
||2A30.10||Surface Tension Boats||A crystal of camphor is attached to the back of a small boat.|| ||2A30.11||Surface Tension Boat||Pieces of camphor placed on the edges of a light aluminum propeller cause it to spin on the surface of water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-224].|| ||2A30.12||Surface Tension Boat||How to use alcohol in a surface tension boat. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-226].|| ||2A30.13||Surface Tension Boat||Rub a match stick on a cake of soap or attach a piece of camphor and place in water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-225].|| ||2A30.20||Surface Tension Flea||Bits of camphor dart around on the surface of water until soap is introduced. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-223].|| ||<#dddddd>2A30.21||<#dddddd>Surface Tension Flea||<#dddddd>A drop of Duco cement will dart around on the surface of water, two drops will play tag. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-227].|| ||<#dddddd>2A30.30||<#dddddd>Mercury Heart||<#dddddd>A globule of mercury is covered with 10% sulfuric acid with a few crystals of potassium dichromate. Touch the mercury with an iron wire to produce rhythmic pulsation. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-230].|| ||<#dddddd>2A30.31||<#dddddd>Mercury Amoeba||<#dddddd>Place a crystal of potassium dichromate near a globule of mercury covered with 10% nitric acid. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-228].|| ||<#dddddd>2A30.32||<#dddddd>Mercury Heart||<#dddddd>Cover a globule of mercury with 10% hydrogen peroxide and add 1% sodium bicarbonate. A yellow film appears on the mercury and breaks down regularly. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-229].|| ||<#dddddd>2A30.35||<#dddddd>Pulsating Air Bubble||<#dddddd>An inverted watch glass traps an air bubble over water. Alcohol is introduced at the edge of the bubble through a bent tube at a rate that causes pulsations. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-231].|| |
[:PiraScheme#Mechanics: Table of Fluid Mechanics] |
[:StaticsOfFluids: Fluid Mechanics (2B): Statics Of Fluids] |
[:Demonstrations:Lecture Demonstrations] |
Surface Tension
PIRA classification 2A
Grayed Demos are either not available, haven't been built yet, or new ideas |
2A10. Force of Surface Tension
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2A10.10 |
Soap Film Pullup |
A soap film pulls a sliding wire up a "U" shaped frame. |
2A10.11 |
Sliding Wire |
A sliding wire frame film with a spring on one end and a string pull on the other shows that tension does not increase with length. |
2A10.15 |
Submerged Float |
A cork and lead device floats with a wire ring above the surface. Push the ring below the surface and it remains until soap is added to reduce the surface tension. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-213]. |
2A10.20 |
Floating Metals |
Float needles, paperclips, rings of wire, etc. on water. |
2A10.21 |
Floating Metal Sheet |
Float a sheet of metal on the surface of distilled water and add weights until the metal sinks. |
2A10.25 |
Leaky Boats |
Try to float several large (one foot long) flat bottomed boats made of different screen material or aluminum with different size holes. A screen boat, razor blade, or small metal boat with a large hole all float on water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-218]. |
2A10.30 |
Surface tension/Adhesion balance |
An improved method for measuring surface tension by the direct pull method. A glass plate on one end of a balance beam is in contact with a water surface. |
2A10.32 |
Pull on The Ring |
Pull a large ring away from the surface of a liquid with a spring sale. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-210]. |
2A10.33 |
Surface Tension Disc |
A flat glass disc on a soft spring is lowered onto the surface of distilled water and the extension upon pulling the disc off the water is noted. |
2A10.35 |
Cohesion Plates |
There is a difference in cohesion of dry and wet plate glass. Glass plates stick together when a film of water is between them. |
2A10.37 |
Cohesion Plates Fallacy |
If they demonstrate cohesion, why do they fall apart when placed in a bell jar that is evacuated? Atmospheric pressure holds two plate glass panes together. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000032000001000061000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1970082&prog=normal AJP 32(1), 61]. |
2A10.38 |
Cohesion Tube |
A long (2-4 m) tube full of water and sealed at the top will support the water column against gravity. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-260]. |
2A10.40 |
Drop Soap on Lycopodium Powder |
Sprinkle lycopodium powder on the surface of water, then place a drop of liquid soap on the surface. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-222]. |
2A10.50 |
Bubbles Blowing Bubbles |
Blow bubbles of different size on a "T" tube. The smaller soap film bubble blows up the larger one. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-239]. |
2A10.52 |
Rubber Balloons |
The equation relating the internal pressure to the radius is derived and applied to the problem of the two interconnected unequal balloons. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000046000010000976000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.11486&prog=normal AJP 46(10), 976]. |
2A10.55 |
Pressure in a Bubble |
Connect a slant water manometer to a tube supporting a bubble. Vary the size of the bubble and note the change of pressure. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-240]. |
2A10.68 |
Sponge Action |
Water picked up by a wet sponge is greater than that picked up by a dry one. |
2A10.71 |
Rolling Drops |
A drop of alcohol can roll on the surface of an alcohol dish. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-252]. |
2A10.73 |
Plateau's Spherule |
A method of projecting and strobing drops forming down from a vertical orifice. |
2A10.74 |
Bursting Water Bubble |
A jet of water directed upward against the apex of a cone will cause the water to flow around and form a bubble. A drop of ether will decrease the surface tension and the bubble will collapse. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-257]. |
2A10.80 |
Effect of Charge on Surface Tension |
Dripping rate is much greater from an electrically charged buret. |
2A10.81 |
Surface Tension with Electric Field |
Droplets from a orifice become a steady stream when connected to a Wimshurst generator. |
2A10.83 |
Electrostatic Breakdown of Surface Tension |
Droplets shoot out of a pond of carbon tetrachloride on a Van de Graaff generator as electrostatic breakdown of surface tension takes place. |
2A10.84 |
Electrostatic Dispersion of Water Drop |
Water drops from a pipette at high potential are dispersed into droplets. |
2A10.85 |
Changing Drop Size |
As the amount of sodium hydroxide is varied in a dilute solution, the size of drops formed by a olive oil jet changes with the variation of surface tension. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-247]. |
2A10.95 |
Temperature Effects |
Olive oil sprayed on hot water forms droplets but on cold water forms a slick. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-258]. |
2A15. Minimal Surface
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2A15.01 |
Soap Film Recipe |
50/50 Dish Soap and Glycerin, Then add water it suit |
2A15.10 |
Pop the Center |
A frame with loop of thread is attached to wire ring. Dip in soap and pop the center of the loop the form a circle. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-237]. |
2A15.11 |
Surface Energy |
Puncture various parts of the film that forms on a wire cube. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-234]. |
2A15.20 |
Soap Film Minimal Surfaces |
Various wire frames are dipped in soap forming film form of minimal surfaces. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-236]. |
2A15.21 |
Catenoid Soap Film |
A soap film is established between two concentric rings which are pulled apart which forms a catenoid. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-235]. |
2A15.23 |
Soap Films - Phase Transition Model |
Use soap films to show phase transitions by changing sizes of variable frameworks. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000059000005000415000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.16520&prog=normal AJP 59(5), 415]. |
2A15.25 |
Surface Energy |
A soap film on an inverted funnel ascends. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-232]. |
2A15.30 |
Soap Bubbles |
Blow half bubbles on a glass plate. |
2A15.42 |
Castor-oil Drop |
A large drop of castor oil is drawn under water where it forms a spherical drop. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-251]. |
2A15.50 |
Size of Drops |
Different size drops form on the ends of different O.D. capillary tubes. |
2A20. Capillary Action
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2A20.10 |
Capillary Tubes |
Sets of capillary tubes of various diameters show capillary rise with water and capillary depression with mercury. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-214]. |
2A20.11 |
Depression and Rise in Capillary |
"U" tubes with a large and small bore arm are filled with water and mercury and compared. |
2A20.20 |
Capillary (surface tension) Hyperbola |
Two glass plates are clamped on one edge and separated by a wire on the other. A large meniscus forms between two sheets of glass held at an angle in a pan of water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-215]. |
2A20.21 |
Meniscus |
Project the meniscus of water and mercury at the apex of wedge shaped containers. |
2A20.30 |
Drops in Tapered Tubes |
A drop on water in a tapered tube moves to the narrow end and a mercury drop moves away from the narrow end. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-216]. |
2A20.35 |
Capillary Action |
Touch the end of a small glass surface with a small glass tube and the water is drawn into the tube. |
2A20.40 |
Meniscus |
Add 4-penny finishing nails to a full glass of water until it overflows. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-220]. |
2A20.45 |
Meniscus |
Objects floating in a vessel cling to the edge until it is over full when they go to the middle. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-217]. |
2A20.50 |
Capillary Phenomena |
Four items: dip your finger in water covered with lycopodium powder, a wet paintbrush in and out of water, pour water down a wet string, pour water in a flexible paper box. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-219]. |
2A30. Surface Tension Propulsion
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2A30.10 |
Surface Tension Boats |
A crystal of camphor is attached to the back of a small boat. |
2A30.11 |
Surface Tension Boat |
Pieces of camphor placed on the edges of a light aluminum propeller cause it to spin on the surface of water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-224]. |
2A30.12 |
Surface Tension Boat |
How to use alcohol in a surface tension boat. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-226]. |
2A30.13 |
Surface Tension Boat |
Rub a match stick on a cake of soap or attach a piece of camphor and place in water. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-225]. |
2A30.20 |
Surface Tension Flea |
Bits of camphor dart around on the surface of water until soap is introduced. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-223]. |
2A30.21 |
Surface Tension Flea |
A drop of Duco cement will dart around on the surface of water, two drops will play tag. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-227]. |
2A30.30 |
Mercury Heart |
A globule of mercury is covered with 10% sulfuric acid with a few crystals of potassium dichromate. Touch the mercury with an iron wire to produce rhythmic pulsation. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-230]. |
2A30.31 |
Mercury Amoeba |
Place a crystal of potassium dichromate near a globule of mercury covered with 10% nitric acid. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-228]. |
2A30.32 |
Mercury Heart |
Cover a globule of mercury with 10% hydrogen peroxide and add 1% sodium bicarbonate. A yellow film appears on the mercury and breaks down regularly. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-229]. |
2A30.35 |
Pulsating Air Bubble |
An inverted watch glass traps an air bubble over water. Alcohol is introduced at the edge of the bubble through a bent tube at a rate that causes pulsations. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-231]. |
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