#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[PiraScheme#Astronomy|Table of Astronomy]] ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[PlanetaryAstronomy|Astronomy(8A):Planetary Astronomy]] ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[Cosmology|Astronomy(8C):Cosmology]] ||<25% style="text-align:center">[[Demonstrations|Lecture Demonstrations]] || == Stellar Astronomy == ''PIRA Classification 8B'' = 8B10. The Sun = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||8B10.10 ||60 Watt Sun || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||8B10.20 ||The Solar Constant || ||Accurate methods to calculate the amount of energy the Earth receives from the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT, 42(4), 196]] || ||8B10.20 ||Solar Constant || ||See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(6), 333]] || ||8B10.20 ||Solar Constant Lab || ||Inexpensive equipment used to measure the solar constant. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 15(3), 172]] || ||8B10.22 ||Solar Energy || ||Measurement of solar energy from the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(10), 981]] || ||8B10.24 ||Solar Luminosity || ||Estimating hc/k from observations of sunlight. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 73(10), 979]] || ||8B10.24 ||Solar Luminosity || ||Experiments measuring the solar constant used to calculate the luminosity of the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 74(8), 728]] || ||8B10.24 ||Solar luminosity || ||Use a light bulb of known wattage to calculate the luminosity of the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(2), 96]] || ||8B10.25 ||Solar Wien Peak || ||A discussion of why the human eye sees best at the yellow-green wavelengths which is well away from the Wien peak. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 71(3), 216]] || ||8B10.25 ||Solar Wien Peak || ||A calculation that puts the Sun's Wien peak at 710 nm. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 71(12), 322]] See also AJP 71(6), 519. || ||8B10.30 ||The Sun's Temperature || ||How to calculate the Sun's temperature from known data. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 17(8), 531]] || ||8B10.35 ||The Sun's Diameter || ||How to use a pinhole to calculate the diameter of the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(5), 272]] || ||8B10.35 ||The Sun's Size || ||Using ratios and models in class to bring the size of the Sun into perspective. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(2), 115]] || ||8B10.35 ||The Sun's Size || ||How the observed size of the Sun changes from perihelion to aphelion. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(4), 249]] || ||8B10.35 ||The Sun's Diameter || ||Use an index card with a small hole and a meter stick to determine the diameter of the Sun. || ||8B10.40 ||Lava Lamp || ||Making a lava lamp which can be used to show convection cells. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 46(4), 219]] || ||8B10.50 ||Sunspots || || || ||8B10.50 ||Sunspot on the Overhead ||pira200||A light bulb on a variac is turned up to visible glow and placed on an overhead projector that is turned off. When the overhead is turned on, the filament appears as a dark spot. || ||8B10.50 ||Sunspot Hallway Demo || ||In a brightly lit room open the door to a dimly lit hallway. The hallway appears dark. Gradually dim the room lights and observe how the hallway dramatically lights up. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(6), 334]] || ||8B10.60 ||Random Walk || ||Flip coin to model 1-d random walk. Execute a computer program or shake a pan of ping pong balls or tennis balls to model a 2-d random walk. || ||8B10.60 ||Random Walk - Modeling the Energy Outflow in Stars ||pira200||Use a Bumble Ball ( a common toy ) to illustrate the random walk of high energy photons in a star. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT,37(4), 236]] || ||8B10.70 ||Solar Oscillations || || || ||8B10.80 ||Stellar/Nuclear Fusion || ||A model built from magnets to demonstrate the forces in nuclear fusion. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 62(9), 804]] || ||8B10.80 ||Stellar Fusion || ||A look at fission and fusion and a determination as to which processes or nuclei release more energy. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 43(5), 303]] || ||8B10.90 ||Poynting-Robertson Effect || ||How to demo the Poynting-Robertson effect using an air track, air cart, and an air hose blowing air down onto the air track. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 42(2), 119]] || = 8B20. Stellar Spectra = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||8B20.10 ||Stellar Spectra || ||Using stellar spectra to classify stars according to temperature. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(1), 35]] || ||8B20.20 ||Doppler Effect & Stellar Spectra || ||A flaw in the argument of observed red shifts as proof of an expanding universe. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 26(2), 102]] || ||8B20.20 ||Doppler Effect & Stellar Spectra || ||The effect of the Doppler shift on the spectrum of stars as observed by space travelers. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(3), 160]] || ||8B20.20 ||Doppler Effect & Stellar Spectra || ||How the energy of a photon is directly proportional to frequency and how this is not a violation of energy conservation when applied to the observed Doppler effect. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 21(9), 616]] || ||8B20.20 ||Doppler Effect & Stellar Spectra || ||A further discussion on energy conservation and the Doppler effect. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(6), 350]] || ||8B20.40 ||Gamma Ray Line Astronomy || ||Gamma ray line astronomy (GRLA) used to detect spectral features from stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 19(8), 527]] || = 8B30. Stellar Evolution = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||8B30.10 ||Stellar Magnitude Simulator || ||Six LEDs are adjusted so they appear to form a linear progression from dim to bright. The actual brightness is then measured. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(8),813]] || ||8B30.10 ||Stellar Magnitude || ||An explanation of stellar magnitude and how it is used. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(5), 273]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR diagram || ||Why is the Sun so large. Deriving a lower limit on the radius and mass of a hydrogen-burning star. Why 90 percent of stars lie in the "main sequence". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 74(10), 938]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR Diagram || ||Transformation of a main sequence star to a red giant is discussed. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 68(5), 421]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR Diagram || ||Using part of the PSSC text to teach about the HR diagram. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 27(4), 231]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR Diagram || ||A discussion of a simple but often missed important implication of the Main Sequence. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(6), 327]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR Diagram || ||A student-centered, learning-cycle approach to teaching star life cycles. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 42(6), 347]] || ||8B30.20 ||HR Diagram || ||The use of variable stars as a means to observe aging of stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(7), 420]] || ||8B30.30 ||Stellar Lifecycle || ||Inquiry based Stellar lifecycle exercise. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 42(6), 347]] || ||8B30.30 ||Stellar Lifecycle || ||How the force of gravity can be responsible for the birth and death of stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 17(4), 278]] || ||8B30.30 ||Stellar Lifecycle || ||A look at how a star is born and the processes that determine it's lifecycle. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 10(4), 182]] || ||8B30.30 ||Stellar Lifecycle || ||Part 2 of a look at how a star is born and the processes that determine it's lifecycle. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 10(6), 299]] || ||8B30.35 ||Binary Star System || ||How to observe eclipsing binary stars and make a model from an "N" gauge railroad set and light bulbs. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 7(8), 453]] || ||8B30.35 ||Binary Star System || ||A discussion of the aberration of light from a binary star system. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 35(9), 817]] || ||8B30.35 ||Binary Star System || ||Two different size balls on a rod can be used to model a binary star system. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 28(6), 425]] || ||8B30.35 ||Binary Star System || ||A model eclipsing binary star system using light bulbs. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 17(7), 456]] || ||8B30.40 ||Variable Star Simulation || ||A ball eclipses a lamp. The output from a phototransistor is conditioned by a ADC/microcomputer/DAC on the way to an oscilloscope display. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 51(7),668]] || ||8B30.40 ||Variable Stars || ||Variable stars are used to provide information about properties, processes, and evolution of stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 31(9), 541]] || ||8B30.42 ||Supernova || ||Resource Letter: OTS-1: Obervations and theory of supernovae. Also, many books and review articles. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 71(1), 11]] || ||8B30.42 ||Synthesized Variable Star || ||Use a PROM to store the curves for variable stars. No microprocessor, the curve is generated with a simple hardware circuit. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(11),1197]] || ||8B30.42 ||Variable Star Simulation || ||A dimmer control is varied by a cam on a motor drive. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 44(12),1227]] || ||8B30.42 ||Digital Variable Star || ||A simple circuit drives a lamp with data stored in EPROM to generate real light curves from various types of variable stars. Also includes discussion of a classroom photometer. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 54(11),976]] || ||8B30.45 ||Supernova || ||What happens and what results from the death of a star. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 9(6), 326]] || ||8B30.45 ||Supernova || ||The Crab Nebula and some results from the death of a star. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 7(1), 24]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Velocity amplification in collision experiments involving Superballs. Analysis and how to make the demonstration. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 39(6), 656]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Use the double ball bounce to illustrate supernova core bounce. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 28(8),558]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Use the "Astro-Blaster" toy to demonstrate the supernova core bounce. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(6), 358]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Other combinations of ball that can be used to demonstrate a supernova core bounce. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(9), 548]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Analysis of multiple ball collisions and suggestions for safer multiple ball collision demonstrations. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(1), 46]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||How to make an aligner for elastic collision of multiple dropped balls. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(1), 56]] || ||8B30.50 ||Supernova Core Bounce || ||Comments on non-ideal multiball collisions. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(4), 197]] || ||8B30.55 ||Flashbulb Supernova || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||8B30.60 ||Neutron Stars || ||Neutron star projects for undergraduates. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 72(7), 892]] || ||8B30.65 ||Pulsar Model || || || ||8B30.70 ||Pulsar Recording || || || ||8B30.70 ||Pulsars || ||Observations of pulsars used in the lab or the classroom. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(5), 530]] || ||8B30.70 ||Pulsars || ||Observations and speculation of 4 pulsars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 9(5), 232]] || ||8B30.72 ||X-Ray Pulsar || ||Calculation of the "spindown" rate of the x-ray pulsar SGR 1806-20. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 68(8), 775]] || ||8B30.75 ||White Dwarfs || || || ||8B30.90 ||Nebula || || || ||8B30.95 ||Forward and Backward Acattering || ||Clap erasers in front of and behind a clear 60 W lamp. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8B10.40]] || ||8B30.95 ||Forward and Backward Scattering || ||Aim a laser or laser pointer through a fish tank filled with water that has a small amount of Pine-Sol added to it. Forward, side, and back scattering can be observed. || = 8B40. Black Holes = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||Look inside a black hole. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(5), 423]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||How long can an observer wait before rescuing an object falling into a black hole. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 56(1), 27]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||On the radius of black holes. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 42(11), 1039]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||A simple model for the emission of particles by black holes. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(6),678]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||Two analytical models of gravitational collapse. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 73(12), 1148]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||Part 1. To convey the properties of black hole to students it is useful to put them human terms, such as "The hazards of encountering a black hole". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 23(9), 540]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||Some simple black hole thermodynamics. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 41(5), 299]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||How dense is a black hole?? See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(2), 84]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||Part 2. To convey the properties of black hole to students it is useful to put them human terms, such as "The hazards of encountering a black hole". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 24(1), 29]] || ||8B40.10 ||Black Holes || ||A black hole in our galactic center. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 46(1), 10]] || ||8B40.20 ||Black Hole Surface || ||A large fiberglass black hole potential surface from some museum in Philly. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C20.10]] || ||8B40.30 ||Membrane Table / black hole ||pira200||Swimsuit fabric stretched over a wood frame is deformed with a weight and balls are rolled around. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C20.20]] || ||8B40.35 ||Potential Well/Hill || ||How to make a potential well or hill from a Pexiglas sheet on a frame. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(7), 504]] || ||8B40.40 ||Gravity Well || ||Use this demonstration when discussing black holes and gravity wells. || ||8B40.50 ||Magnetic Field Coupling || || || = 8B50. Stellar Miscellaneous = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||8B50.10 ||Distance to Stars || ||How to construct an "Astronomy Angulator" to calculate small angles to assist in naked-eye observations. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(3), 187]] || ||8B50.20 ||Stellar Diameter Measurement || ||The angular separation of two artificial stars is measured by the Michelson method of measuring stellar diameters. Diagrams, Reference: AJP 27(2),101. || ||8B50.30 ||Interferometry || ||Stellar interferometers used to measure the angular diameters of stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(7), 428]] || ||8B50.40 ||Stellar Energy Radiation || ||A look at the processes that determine the energy radiated by a star. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 28(8), 526]] || ||8B50.50 ||Stellar Radiation || ||What does it take to make a sun shine. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(1), 23]] || ||8B50.60 ||Lookback Time || ||Note historic events going on when light from specific distant stars started its journey to Earth. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 31(7), 422]] || ||8B50.60 ||Lookback Time || ||Lookback times and how to calculate them. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 27(7), 518]] || ||8B50.70 ||Olbers' Paradox || ||Why is the sky dark at night when there are so many stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(2), 119]] || ||8B50.70 ||Olbers' Paradox || ||The expansion of the universe may also be used to explain Olbers' paradox. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(9), 923]] || ||8B50.70 ||Olbers' Paradox || ||Why is the sky dark at night when there are so many stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(2), 122]] || ||8B50.80 ||Gamma Ray Bursts || ||Gamma Ray Bursts (GRB's) and the effects of time dialation and time contraction. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 36(3), 176]] || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]