[:PiraScheme#Mechanics: Table of Fluid Mechanics]

[:SurfaceTension: Mechanics (2A): Force of Surface Tension]

[:DynamicsOfFluids: Fluid Mechanics (2C): Dynamics Of Fluids]

[:Demonstrations:Lecture Demonstrations]

Grayed Demos are either not available, haven't been built yet, or new ideas

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

2B20.10

Pressure Independent of Direction

Insert a rotatable thistle tube covered with a diaphragm or membrane into a beaker of water. I should be connected to a manometer and oriented in different directions. See the [http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/demo_gifs/2B20_10.GIF University of Minnesota website].

2B20.11

Pressure Independent of Direction

Three thistle tubes filled with colored alcohol and capped with rubber membranes are joined with the thistle ends bent to be oriented in various directions. Immerse in water to show equal pressure. Or, one tube may be turned to show the same thing. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-273].

2B20.15

Pressure vs. Depth

Lower a small funnel covered with a rubber membrane attached to a manometer into a tall water-filled vessel. Also a pressure sensor is connected to a LED bar graph.

2B20.16

Pressure vs. Depth in Water and Alcohol

The electronic pressure sensor and LED bar graph display are used first in water, then in alcohol.

2B20.17

Electronic Depth Dependence

A circuit based on the Motorola MPX100AP pressure sensor displays a pressure depth curve on an XY recorder. An interesting feature is the use of two liquids showing a change of slope at the interface. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000056000007000620000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.15767&prog=normal AJP 56(7), 620].

2B20.20

Dropping Plate

An open glass tube has a metal disc on a string which seals one end.

2B20.25

Pascal's Paradox

Multiple scales have containers on them. Each container has the same base area in contact with the scale. Each container is filled with water to the same level. The scales all read different. See [http://sciencedemonstrations.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k16940&pageid=icb.page399841&pageContentId=icb.pagecontent834602&state=maximize&view=view.do&viewParam_name=indepth.html Harvard's website].

2B20.26

Lateral Hydrostatic Pressure

An inverted funnel with a cork on the stem floats in a beaker of water. When pushed down into a layer of mercury, it stays; but if the stem is immersed, it floats back up.

2B20.30

Weigh a Water Column

Suspend a tube, open at the bottom, from a spring scale in a beaker of water and partially evacuate the air from the tube. Why does the scale reading increase? See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000028000006000557000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1935880&prog=normal AJP 28(6),557].

2B20.34

Hydrostatic Pparadox

A glass plate is held against the large end of a truncated cone when it is placed under water. The plate drops away when placed against the small end.

2B20.35

Weigh a Barometer

A barometer tube is weighed empty and filled with mercury, then inverted in a vat of mercury and weigh again.

2B20.40

Pascal's Vases I

Tubes of various shapes rise from a common horizontal tube. When filled with water, the level is the same in each tube.

2B20.42

Pascal's Vases II

Vessels of various shapes are interchangeable on a base equipped with a pressure gauge.

2B20.43

Simplified Hydrostatic Paradox

Replace the sloped side vessels with stepped sides that include only horizontal and vertical components. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000053000011001106000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.14046&prog=normal AJP 53(11), 1106].

2B20.45

Water Level

Two open tubes are connected by a long water filled hose.

2B20.50

Pascal's Fountain

A piston applies pressure to a round glass bulb with small holes drilled at various points. Water squirts out equally in all directions when the piston is pressed. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-271].

2B20.52

Pascal's diaphragms

A closed container has several protruding tubes capped with rubber diaphragms. Push on one and the others go out. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-272].

2B20.53

Squeeze the Flask

Squeeze a flask capped with a stopper and small bore tube.

2B20.60

Hydraulic Press

A hydraulic press is used to break a piece of wood.

2B20.60

Humongous Hydraulic Press

A massive hydraulic press that can break two by fours.

2B20.61

Two Syringes

Two syringes of different size are hooked together and passed around the class for students to feel the pressure difference.

2B20.65

Garbage Bag Blowup

Lift a person sitting on a garbage bag by inflating with an air blower.

2B20.66

Weight on a Beach Ball

Place a heavy weight on a circular wood disc on a beach ball and blow up the beach ball. Lift the weight with your lungs!

2B20.66

Incompressibility of Liquids

Pound in a nail with a bottle completely filled with boiled water.

2B20.67

Hydraulic Balance

A 2m vertical glass tube is connected to a hot water bottle. Have students stand on the bottle. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-274].

2B20.70

Compressibility of Water

A heavy walled glass cylinder filled with water is pressurized mechanically with a screw. Mercury in the capillary tube of a internal container indicates the compression. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-274].

2B20.71

Water/Air Compression

A syringe filled with air is compressed when a large weight is placed on it, but a water filled syringe does not compress.

2B20.76

Incompressibility of Liquids

With a hammer, strike the stopper of a large bottle completely filled with water and shatter the bottle.

2B20.80

Hovercraft

A hovercraft shows how a relatively low pressure can lift a heavy object with ease.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

2B30.05

lead bar

A 1"x1" lead bar 35" long weighs 14.7 lbs.

2B30.10

crush the can

Boil water in a can and cap. As the vapor pressure is reduced by cooling, the can collapses.

2B30.10

crush the can

Boil water in a can and cap. As the vapor pressure is reduced by cooling, the can collapses.

2B30.10

crush the can

Boil water in a can and seal it. Or, pump out a can slightly, put it in a vacuum chamber and blow it back up.

2B30.10

crush the can

Boil some water in a one gallon can, then stopper and pour water over it. ALSO - evacuate.

2B30.15

crush the soda can

2B30.15

crush the soda can

2B30.15

crush the soda can

Heat water in the bottom of an aluminum soft drink can, then invert it over a pan of water.

2B30.15

crush the soda can

Boil water in a soda can, invert it over water, and then calculate the thermal efficiency during the collapse.

2B30.20

crush a 55 gal drum

2B30.20

crush a 55 gal drum

Boil water in a 55 gal. drum using three LP gas burners. A vacuum gage in the smaller bung hole is optional. The barrel crushes at about a half atmosphere.

2B30.20

barrel crush

Boil water in a 55 gal drum, seal, and cool.

2B30.25

crush the can with vacuum pump

2B30.25

crush the can with pump

A 1 gallon can is evacuated with a pump. A pop can heated with water and inverted on cold water.

2B30.25

crush the can

Pump on a gallon can to collapse it.

2B30.25

crush can with pump

A one gallon can is evacuated with a vacuum pump.

2B30.26

blow up the crushed can

Take a deep breath and blow up a crushed can.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

Evacuate Magdeburg hemispheres and try to separate them.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

A set of Magdeburg hemispheres are evacuated with a pump.

2B30.30

Magdeburg flat plates

Pump out flat plates separated by an o ring and hang weights.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

Separate the hemispheres by placing in a bell jar and evacuating.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

Evacuate Magdeburg hemispheres and try to separate them.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

Picture of two Magdeburg hemispheres.

2B30.30

Magdeburg hemispheres

An evacuated Magdeburg hemisphere set supports a large stack of weights.

2B30.31

Magdeburg hemispheres

Pump out a cylinder at least 5" in diameter and lift a student.

2B30.33

Magdeburg hemisphere swing

2B30.33

Magdeburg hemisphere swing

Suck out per os two plexiglass plates with a 7.5" "O" ring in between. Hook to the ceiling, grab onto the bottom plate and swing.

2B30.34

Magdeburg tug-of-war

2B30.35

Magdeburg tug-of-war

Evacuate two plexiglass plates with a 12" "O" ring in between and hook a 2" rope to each plate. Have students do the tug of war.

2B30.35

Magdeburg hemispheres

A fifteen inch set used in a pull off between a Clydesdale and small 4-wheel drive.

2B30.36

suction cups

2B30.36

suction cups

Lift a 6" cube of aluminum with a glass handler's suction cup.

2B30.40

soda straw contest

2B30.40

soda straw contest

Ask how far a person can suck. Start with a 3' tube, then try 6', 12', and 18'.

2B30.45

inverted glass

A 2 m long Plexiglas tube is used for the inverted glass demo. More on dissolved gasses in liquid and cavitation using the same tube.

2B30.46

card on inverted glass modification

Replace the glass by a tube of 50 cm and when half filled, it cannot be inverted. Explanation.

2B30.49

atmospheric pressure demos

Four demos: 1) Hollow out a "suction cup" in the bottom of a cork so it will stay stuck at the bottom of a beaker as water is poured in. 2) Lift a heavy object by using rubber suction cups. 3) A smaller test tube is pulled into a larger water filled one as the system is inverted and the water runs out. 4) An aspirator is attached to a glass tube coming out of a sealed bottle of water.

2B30.50

lift a stool

2B30.50

lift a stool

Place a square foot of 1/16" rubber on a chair and lift the chair by pulling up on a handle attached to the rubber sheet.

2B30.50

rubber sheet lifting chair

Lift a chair by placing a thin sheet of rubber with a handle on the seat and pulling up.

2B30.55

adhesion plates

2B30.60

stick and newspaper

2B30.60

stick and newspaper

Hit and break the protruding part of a stick covered with a newspaper.

2B30.60

inertia shingles

Break a wood stick protruding from under a paper.

2B30.70

vacuum bazooka

2B30.70

vacuum bazooka

Put a rubber ball in a tube, seal the ends, evacuate, and puncture the end with the ball.

2B30.80

pressure due to height

Flames burn the same at ends of a tube when horizontal but with different heights when the tube is vertical.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

2B35.10

mercury barometer

A simple mercury barometer.

2B35.15

barometer in a tall bell jar

2B35.15

barometer in a tall bell jar

A tall bell jar containing a mercury barometer is evacuated.

2B35.15

barometer in vacuum

Evacuate a bell jar containing a barometer.

2B35.16

balance barometer

A very sensitive barometer results when a balance which carries a mercury barometer, in addition to reading the weight of the glass tube, also reads the weight of the mercury column (1671).

2B35.18

low barometric pressure

A bell jar with a 10" barometer is evacuated.

2B35.20

pull up a mercury barometer

2B35.20

pull up a mercury barometer

Pull a barometer tube up out of a tall reservoir of mercury.

2B35.20

pull up mercury barometer

Apparatus Drawings Project No.31: A mercury filled tube apparatus with a reservoir deep enough to immerse the entire tube.

2B35.20

constant height of a barometer

A deep vat on mercury allows the height of the tube to be changed.

2B35.20

mercury barometer

Pull up a mercury filled tube until the mercury falls away. Also the weigh the barometer demo.

2B35.26

water/gas barometer

An accurate, easy to build water/gas barometer of similar size to the usual mercury barometer.

2B35.30

manometer

2B35.30

manometer

Simple water and mercury manometers.

2B35.31

overhead projector manometer

A horizontal manometer for the overhead projector.

2B35.35

magnifying manometer

A mercury manometer that when tipped over backward to an inclined position, has an angle whose sine is 1/10.

2B35.40

aneroid barometer

2B35.40

aneroid barometer

A large open aneroid barometer.

2B35.40

aneroid barometer

Picture of two aneroid barometers.

2B35.40

aneroid barometer

Blow and suck on a chamber containing an aneroid barometer.

2B35.50

plastic Torricelli type barometer

A Torricelli type barometer made out of Lucite Diagram.

2B35.60

bourdon gauge

An open Bourdon gauge with a large element.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

2B40.10

weigh submerged block

Lower a 3 Kg block of aluminum suspended from a spring scale into water and note the new weight.

2B40.10

weigh submerged block

Suspend a 3 Kg block of aluminum from a spring scale and then lower the block into water and note the new weight.

2B40.11

loss of weight in water

An aluminum block on a spring scale is lowered into a beaker of water tared on a platform balance.

2B40.12

reaction balance

A beaker of water tared on a balance is displaced when an empty test tube is immersed.

2B40.13

weigh submerged block

Immerse a lead block suspended from a counterweighted balance in a beaker of water on a counterweighted platform balance and then transfer a weight to bring the system back into equilibrium.

2B40.14

buoyant force

2B40.14

buoyant force

A weight suspended from a spring scale is lowered into a beaker of water suspended from a spring scale.

2B40.15

finger in beaker

2B40.15

finger in beaker on balance

2B40.17

improved hydro-balance

An improvement of the Nicholson hydrometer.

2B40.17

Nicholson balance

A float that allows determination of loss of weight in water very accurately.

2B40.18

board & weights

2B40.18

board & weights float

2B40.18

board and weights float

A board sinks equal amounts as equal weights are added.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

Suspend a pail and weight from a spring scale, lower the weight into water, collect the overflow, pour it into the pail.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

A mass and bucket of the same volume hang from a spring scale. Lower the mass into water, catch the overflow, and pour the overflow into the bucket.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

A cylinder and bucket of the same volume hang from a scale. Immerse the cylinder in water, catch the runoff, pour it back into the bucket.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

Hang a cylinder turned to fit closely inside a bucket from the bottom of the bucket while suspended from the bottom of a balance. Immerse the cylinder in water and then pour water into the bucket.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

The four step Archimedes' principle with a close fitting cylinder and bucket.

2B40.20

Archimedes' principle

Suspend a pail and weight from a spring scale, lower the weight into water, collect the overflow, pour it into the pail.

2B40.21

Archimedes' principle

A beaker with a spout is tared on a balance. As an object is lowered into the water, the overflow is run into a beaker on the table and the balance remains in equilibrium. Also, the instructor puts a hand into a beaker of water in a tared platform balance.

2B40.22

Archimedes' - historical discussion

Archimedes did not experience buoyancy, only how to measure volume.

2B40.22

Archimedes - historical discussion

Volume uncertainties make it impossible to show adulteration.

2B40.22

Archimedes' original experiment

Letter that cautions against misunderstanding Archimedes' crown solution.

2B40.25

battleship in a bathtub

2B40.25

float a battleship in a cup of water

A small amount of water floats a wood block shaped to just fit in a graduate.

2B40.25

float a battleship in a cup of water

A juice can with ballast floats in a 1000 ml graduate. Also - sink the can and look at the water level.

2B40.25

float a battleship in a cup of water

Float a 2500 g can in 500 g water.

2B40.25

battleship in bathtub

A block of wood is floated in rectangular container.

2B40.26

ship empty and full

Add mass to an empty model boat and show pictures of a ship empty and full.

2B40.26

battleship in a bathtub

Same as TPT 28(7),510.

2B40.26

battleship in a bathtub

Will a cup three quarters full float in a cup one quarter full?

2B40.27

ship pictures full & empty

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

Push on a diaphragm at the top of a large graduate or squeeze a stoppered whisky flask to make the diver sink.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

A whiskey bottle version and a large bottle with a rubber bulb version of the Cartesian diver.

2B40.30

cartesian diver "tricks"

Try a sharp blow on the countertop, prepare the diver with water warmer than room temp and allow it to cool during the class, set the diver so it will remain on the bottom after squeezing.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

Squeeze the flat sides to sink the diver, squeeze the narrow sides to raise the diver.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver - toys

A review of two Cartesian diver toys.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

Push on a diaphragm at the top of a large graduate or squeeze a stoppered whisky flask to make the diver sink.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

An inverted test tube diver in a jar.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

A small vial Cartesian diver submerged by squeezing the bottle.

2B40.30

Cartesian diver

A buoyant bottle in a water column.

2B40.31

double cartesian diver

2B40.33

Cartesian diver

The picture is unclear, but the diver is in a graduate.

2B40.34

Cartesian matches

Insert matches with the head down.

2B40.35

hydrometers

2B40.37

buoyant force model

A Plexiglas container of agitated plastic spheres forms a "fluid" in which various objects sink or float.

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

A brass weight counterbalanced by a aluminum sphere filled with air is placed in a bell jar.

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

A balance with a brass weight and a hollow sphere is placed in a bell jar and evacuated.

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

A toilet tank float is balanced against brass weights in air and in a vacuum.

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

A glass ball is balanced with a brass weight in a bell jar and then the air is pumped out.

2B40.40

buoyancy of air

The Leybold buoyancy of air apparatus.

2B40.42

buoyancy balloon

2B40.42

buoyancy balloon

Place a balloon with some powered dry ice on a balance. Tare, and watch as the balloon expands.

2B40.42

buoyancy balloon

Fill a balloon with dry ice, seal it, place it on a scale, and watch the weight decrease as the balloon inflates. Also determine the volume by immersion.

2B40.43

helium balloon in a glass jar

2B40.43

helium balloon in glass jar

A helium balloon floats in an inverted container but sinks when the container is filled with helium.

2B40.44

helium balloon in liquid nitrogen

2B40.44

helium balloon in liquid nitrogen

Cool a helium balloon to decrease its volume and it will no longer float.

2B40.45

weight of air

2B40.45

weight of air

2B40.45

weight of air in a tire

A inflated tire is suspended from a heavy duty spring and the air is let out.

2B40.45

weight of air

Place a large evacuated glass flask on a balance, then let air in and note the increased weight.

2B40.45

density of air

A one liter flask is tared on a balance, then pumped out and the loss of weight is about one gram.

2B40.45

weight of air

A glass sphere is weighed on a pan balance, then evacuated and weighed again.

2B40.46

density of hot and cold air

Heat one of two cans hanging from a balance.

2B40.47

CO2 balloon method density of air

Use CO2 from carbonated water to fill a balloon for use in measuring the density of air.

2B40.50

liquid density comparison

Put one branch of a "Y" tube in brine and the other in colored water and suck.

2B40.51

specific gravity of fluids

Water and an unknown liquid are raised to different heights in vertical tubes by a common low pressure.

2B40.53

water and mercury "U" tube

2B40.53

comparison of fluid densities

A "J" tube with mercury in the short side and another fluid in the longer.

2B40.53

water and mercury u-tube

Water and mercury rise to different heights in a "J" tube.

2B40.54

buoyancy in various liquids

2B40.54

buoyancy in various liquids

Iron, bake-lite, and wood are dropped into a column containing mercury, carbon tetrachloride, and water.

2B40.56

floating square bar

2B40.56

floating square bar

A long bar floats in one orientation in alcohol and switches to another orientation when water is added.

2B40.59

density ball

2B40.59

buoyancy of hot and cold water

A hydrometer is made so it sinks in warm water and floats in cold.

2B40.59

density ball

A metal sphere barely floats in cold water and sinks in hot water.

2B40.60

hydrometer

2B40.60

hydrometers

A constant weight hydrometer, constant volume hydrometer (Nicholson), and Mohr-Westphal balance are used with liquids of various density.

2B40.60

hydrometer

A hydrometer is placed in water, then in alcohol.

2B40.61

different density woods

2B40.61

different density woods

Float blocks of balsa, pine, and ironwood in water.

2B40.62

density of wood

Place a wood dowel in a graduate.

2B40.65

spherical oil drop

Olive oil forms a large spherical drop in a stratified mixture of alcohol and water.

2B40.65

large drop

A large drop of water is formed in a mixture of benzene and carbon disulfide. Picture.

2B40.65

equidensity bubbles

Blow a soap bubble with air and then gas to give a bubble of the same density as the surrounding air.

2B40.65

equidensity drops

A beaker of water has a layer of salt solution on the bottom. Place a drop of mineral oil on top and pipette in some colored salt solution. The drop in an oil sac sinks to the interface.

2B40.65

equidensity drops

A globule of oil floats at the interface in a bottle half full of water with alcohol on top.

2B40.65

equidensity drops

Aniline forms equidense and immiscible drops when placed in 25 C water. Pour 80 ml in cool water and heat.

2B40.65

equidensity drops

Ortho toluidine has the same density as water at 24 C and is immiscible.

2B40.66

kerosene/carbon tet. mixtures

Kerosene and carbon tetrachloride can be mixed to give .9 g/cc to 1.6 g/cc densities.

2B40.67

chloroform bubbles

Chloroform bubbles formed by heating a layer of chloroform covered by a lot of water move up and down.

2B40.70

lifting power of balloons

Fill balloons to the same diameter with different gases and show difference in lifting power.

2B40.71

floating and density

A tall tube is filled with several immiscible liquids of various densities. Solid objects are inserted that will float at the various interfaces. ALSO, Drop an egg in a tall jar of water and add a handful of salt.

2B40.72

adding salt

Salt is added to a beaker of water to make a density ball float.

2B40.73

kerosene and water

Float a test tube in water, kerosene, and a combination.

2B40.74

freon and air

Fill a pan with freon and float a balloon on it to show the difference in density with air.

2B40.75

pouring gases

Pour sulfuric ether or carbon dioxide into one of two beakers on a platform balance. Shadow projection may be used to make it visible.

2B40.76

gasoline vapors

A teaspoon of gas placed at the top on a model staircase with a candle at the bottom.

2B40.80

sticking to the bottom

Push a rubber stopper that floats on mercury down and squeeze out the mercury between the dish and the stopper.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

2B60.10

Hero's fountain

An arrangement of reservoirs connected by tubes that forces a stream of water above the highest reservoir.

2B60.10

Hero's fountain

A clever arrangement that allows water to fountain higher than the reservoir.

2B60.10

Hero's Fountain

A variant of Hero's fountain in which water shoots up above the level of the reservoir. Diagram.

2B60.15

fountain in a flask

A little water is boiled in a flask, a stopper with a single tube is inserted, the whole thing is inverted into a water reservoir.

2B60.20

siphon

2B60.20

siphon

A glass "U" tube demonstrates a siphon.

2B60.20

siphon

Start with two beakers half full of water and with a connecting hose full of water. Lift one beaker, then the other.

2B60.23

siphon in a bell jar

Water is transferred through a "U" tube from a sealed flask to an open beaker when the assembly is placed in a bell jar and evacuated.

2B60.24

siphons

An apparatus that shows atmospheric pressure (not cohesion) to be the basis for the siphon action.

2B60.25

pressure measurement in siphon

Hook a manometer to the upper portion of a siphon.

2B60.26

gas siphon

Carbon dioxide is siphoned from one beaker to another.

2B60.29

siphons

A mechanical model of a siphon consists of chain hung over a pulley to a lower level. A diagram of a intermittent siphon (Tantalus cup) is shown.

2B60.30

self starting siphon

An inverted "U" tube sealed in the side of a beaker makes a self starting siphon.

2B60.30

self-starting siphon

A diagram of a self-starting siphon.

2B60.35

intermittent siphon

A funnel with a "?" tube inside makes a self starting intermittent siphon.

2B60.35

intermittent

The picture looks like the intermittent siphon.

2B60.40

Maiotte flask and siphon

2B60.40

Mariotte flask and siphon

A Mariotte flask is used to make a siphon with a constant flow rate.

2B60.40

Mariotte flask

The height of an open tube inserted through the stopper of a jug with an outlet at the bottom regulates flow.

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

Same as M-291.

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

Analysis of the hydraulic ram with picture of a demonstration device.

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

A large quantity of water falling a small height pumps a small quantity of water a large height.

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

A diagram of how to construct a demonstration hydraulic ram.

2B60.60

hydraulic ram

A glass model of a hydraulic ram that lifts water higher than the supply.

2B60.70

spiral pump

A spiral pump made of a glass tube coil.

2B60.75

lift pump

2B60.75

lift pump

A glass model of a lift pump.

2B60.80

force pump

A glass model of a force pump.

2B60.85

hydraulic lift

A glass model of a hydraulic lift.