#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read == Polarization == ''PIRA classification 6H'' ||<#dddddd>Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. || = 6H10. Dichroic Polarization = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||6H10.05 ||generating polarized light || ||Lists all methods of generating polarized light. || ||6H10.06 ||many light demonstrations || ||Strain patterns, polarization by reflection, pile of plates, scattering, rotary dispersion, the Faraday effect, interference in polarized white light, double refraction, polarizing microscope, double refraction in sticky tape. || ||6H10.10 ||polaroids on the overhead ||pira200||Show polarization with two sheets of polaroid and a pair of sunglasses on an overhead projector. || ||6H10.10 ||polaroids on the overhead || ||Two sheets of Polaroid and a pair of sunglasses are provided with an overhead projector. || ||6H10.10 ||polariods on overhead || ||Commercially available polarizing plates are now available. (1930's) || ||6H10.10 ||polaroid sheets crossed and uncrosse || ||Two Polaroid sheets are partially overlapped while aligned and at 90 degrees. || ||6H10.11 ||polaroids || ||A beam from an arc lamp is directed through two Polaroid sheets. || ||6H10.15 ||polarization kit || ||Polaroid sheets for the overhead plus a lot of other stuff. || ||6H10.20 ||microwave polarization ||pira200||Hold a grid of parallel wires in a microwave beam and rotate the grid. || ||6H10.20 ||microwave polarization || ||A "hamburger grill" filter is used to demonstrate polarization from a 12 cm dipole. || ||6H10.20 ||microwave polarization || ||A grid of parallel wires is held in a microwave beam. || ||6H10.20 ||microwave polarization || ||Microwave polarization is shown by rotating the receiver or using a grating. || ||6H10.20 ||microwave polarization || ||A slotted disc is rotated in the microwave beam. || ||6H10.30 ||polarization - mechanical model || ||Two boxes, one a polarizer and the other an analyzer, are built with a center slot that can be oriented either horizontally or vertically. Use with waves on a rubber hose. || ||6H10.31 ||polarization - mechanical model || ||A pendulum is hung from a long strut restrained by slack cords. Circular motion of the pendulum will be damped into a line by the motion of the strut. || ||6H10.40 ||polaroids cut at 45 degrees || ||Cut squares of Polaroid so the axes are at 45 degrees. Now turning one upside down causes cancellation. || = 6H20. Polarization by Reflection = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||6H20.05 ||making black glass || ||Eliminate the reflection off the second surface of a glass plate with a Canada balsam and lampblack suspension on the back side. || ||6H20.10 ||Brewster's angle ||pira200||Rotate a polariod filter in a beam that reflects at Brewster's angle off a glass onto a screen. || ||6H20.10 ||Brewster's angle || ||A beam of white light is reflected off a sheet of black glass at Brewster's angle onto the wall. A Polaroid is provided to test. || ||6H20.10 ||polarization by reflection || ||Rotate a Polaroid filter in a beam that reflects off a glass onto a screen. || ||6H20.11 ||tilt the windowpane || ||Reflect plane polarized light off a window pane and vary the angle of incidence through Brewster's angle. || ||6H20.12 ||Brewster's angle with laser || ||Using horizontally polarized laser light, rotate a glass plate through Brewster's angle to observe a null. || ||6H20.12 ||polarization of the laser beam || ||Rotate a Polaroid in the beam of a laser with Brewster's angle mirrors. || ||6H20.15 ||microwave Brewster's angle || ||A block of paraffin is tilted until there is a minimum of transmitted radiation. || ||6H20.20 ||polarization from two plates || ||Two black glass mirrors - one fixed and the other rotates. || ||6H20.20 ||polarization of double reflection || ||Reflect light off a black mirror onto a second rotating black mirror to produce extinction. || ||6H20.20 ||double mirror Brewster's angle || ||Two glass plates are mounted in a box at Brewster's angle with the second able to rotate around the axis of the incident light. || ||6H20.20 ||double reflection polarization || ||Direct unpolarized light at a glass plate at 57 degrees, then to another plate at the same angle of incidence and perpendicular to the polarized light. || ||6H20.20 ||polarization by double reflection || ||Offset a beam of light by double reflection off glass, then rotate the first glass 90 degrees to obtain extinction. Replace the glass with metal mirrors and no polarization takes place. || ||6H20.21 ||Norrenberg's polariscope || ||Light strikes two black glass plates in succession, each at 57 degrees. Rotate the second glass plate and replace it with a mirror. || ||6H20.25 ||large scale polarizer || ||A large box with two black glass plates gives an extended source of plane polarized light. || ||6H20.30 ||Brewster's cone || ||A black glass cone at Brewster's angle. || ||6H20.31 ||pyramid method || ||Illuminate a rotatable pyramid made of four triangles of black glass mounted at 57 degrees with the base with plane polarized light. || ||6H20.40 ||stack of plates || ||A stack of glass plated at 57 degrees will transmit and reflect light that is cross polarized. || = 6H30. Circular Polarization = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||6H30.01 ||circular polarization model || ||One vector moves along with a fixed orientation in space while five others, at quarter wavelengths, rotate. || ||6H30.10 ||three polaroids ||pira200||Three sheets of Polaroid are provided with an overhead projector. || ||6H30.10 ||rotation by polarizing filter || ||Stick a third sheet between crossed Polaroids || ||6H30.30 ||barber pole || ||A beam of polarized light is rotated when directed up a vertical tube filled with sugar solution. || ||6H30.30 ||barber pole || ||Show a beam of polarized light up through a tube with a sugar solution and scattering centers. The beam rotates and colors are separated. || ||6H30.30 ||barbershop sugar tube || ||Illuminate a tube of corn syrup from the bottom. Insert and rotate a Polaroid filter between the light and tube. || ||6H30.35 ||laser and quinine sulfate || ||Pass a polarized laser beam through a cylinder filled with a quinine sulfate solution. || ||6H30.40 ||Karo syrup || ||Insert a tube of liquid sugar between crossed polaroids. || ||6H30.40 ||karo syrup tank || ||Fill an aquarium with karo syrup and insert glass objects - prism, block, balls. View the collection through motorized crossed Polaroids || ||6H30.40 ||karo syrup ||pira200||Place a bottle of Karo syrup between crossed Polaroids and rotate. || ||6H30.40 ||rotation by sugar solution || ||Insert a tube of sugar solution between crossed Polaroids || ||6H30.40 ||optical activity in corn syrup || ||A bottle of corn syrup between Polaroids, three overlapping containers of equal thickness between Polaroids || ||6H30.41 ||Karo syrup prism || ||Colors change as one Polaroid is rotated in a Karo syrup prism between crossed Polaroids || ||6H30.42 ||three tanks || ||Compare the rotation of plane polarized light in tanks containing sugar solution, turpentine, and water. || ||6H30.45 ||quartz "biplate" || ||A quartz "biplate" is set between two crossed Polaroids at 45 degrees, then a tube of sugar solution is also inserted and rotated. || ||6H30.70 ||microwave optical activity || ||A styrofoam box contains 1200 coils of wire aligned in an array and wound in the same sense will rotate microwave radiation. || ||6H30.71 ||microwave optical rotation || ||A microwave analog of optical rotation in cholesteric liquid crystals. Plastic sheets with small parallel wires are stacked so the wires on successive layers vary in a screw type fashion. || ||6H30.80 ||Faraday rotation || ||Polarized light is passed through holes in an electromagnet bored parallel with the magnetic field. a specimen is placed in the magnet and the rotation is determined when the magnet is energized. || ||6H30.81 ||Faraday rotation || ||Insert a partially filled glass container of Halowax or carbon tetrachloride into the core of a solenoid between crossed Polaroids || ||6H30.82 ||rotation by magnetic field || ||A CS2 cell placed in a solenoid rotates the plane of polarization on light. || = 6H35. Birefringence = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||6H35.10 ||two calcite crystals || ||Use a second calcite crystal to show the polarization of the ordinary and extraordinary rays. || ||6H35.10 ||two calcite crystals || ||Use a second calcite crystal to show the polarization of the ordinary and extraordinary rays. || ||6H35.15 ||calcite and Polaroid on OH || || || ||6H35.15 ||birefringent crystal || ||Rotate a calcite crystal on an overhead projector covered except for a small hole. Use a Polaroid sheet to check polarity. || ||6H35.15 ||ordinary and extraordinary ray || ||Rotate a calcite crystal with one beam entering and two will emerge, one on axis and the other rotating around. || ||6H35.15 ||birefringent crystal || ||Project a hole in a strongly illuminated cardboard onto a screen through a calcite crystal. Interpose and rotate a polarizing plate to make the two images disappear alternately, or use a Wollaston prism. || ||6H35.15 ||[[Calcite|double refraction in calcite]] || ||Place a calcite crystal over printed material or a metal plate with a small hole. || ||6H35.17 ||plexiglas birefringence || ||Show birefringence of a Plexiglas rod directly with a linearly polarized laser. Also easily construct half and quarter wave plates. || ||6H35.20 ||birefringence crystal model || ||A flexible crystal model is used to show how index of refraction can vary in a crystal. || ||6H35.21 ||pendulum model || ||Strike a pendulum with a blow, then wait 1/4, 1/2, or 3/4 period and strike another equal blow at right angles to the first. || ||6H35.21 ||model of double refraction || ||A double pendulum displaced in an oblique direction will move in a curved orbit. || ||6H35.22 ||wood stick polarization wave models || ||Stick models of plane and circular polarized light. || ||6H35.23 ||retardation plate models || ||Fifteen models of retardation plates. Reference: AJP 21(9),466-7. || ||6H35.24 ||wavefront models || ||Wire models show spherical and elliptical wavefronts in crystals. || ||6H35.25 ||birefringent crystal axes || ||Examine calcite crystals cut perpendicular, parallel, and along the cleavage axis under a microscope. || ||6H35.30 ||Nichol prism || ||One of a pair of Nichol prisms is rotated as a beam of light from an arc lamp is projected through. || ||6H35.31 ||Nichol prism model || ||Construct a wire frame model to show how calcite crystals are cut to form a Nichol prism. || ||6H35.32 ||polarizing crystals || ||Explain the action of tourmaline crystals and the Nicol prism with models. || ||6H35.40 ||quarter-wave plate || ||Insert a quarter-wave plate between Nichol prisms at 45 degrees giving circular polarization. || ||6H35.40 ||quarter wave plate || ||Place a quarter wave disc between a Polaroid and a mirror. || ||6H35.41 ||mechanical model half wave plate || ||An anisotropic spring and metal ball system is the mechanical analog of a half-wave plate. || ||6H35.44 ||half and quarter wave plates || ||Use half and quarter wave plates with polarized sodium light. || ||6H35.45 ||half-wave plate || ||Insert a half wave plate between Nichol prisms at 45 degrees giving plane polarized light. || ||6H35.45 ||half wave plate || ||Use a quartz wedge to show the effect of a half wave plate. || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||A set of plastic shapes are bent between crossed polariods. || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||A set of plastic shapes are bent between crossed Polaroids. || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||A commercial squeeze device and little plastic shapes are used between crossed Polaroids. || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||Plastic shapes on the overhead between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||Various shapes of plastic fit in a squeezer between crossed Polaroids in a lantern projector. || ||6H35.50 ||stress plastic || ||Plastic is stressed between crossed Polaroids ALSO - Stroke a strip of glass longitudinally between crossed Polaroids and standing waves are apparent. || ||6H35.50 ||photoelastic stress figures || ||Stress a plastic bar between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.51 ||crystal structure of ice || ||A thin slab of ice is placed between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.51 ||quartz wedge || ||Interference colors are shown with a quartz wedge in red, green and white light polarized light. || ||6H35.52 ||color with mica || ||Rotate a mica sheet between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.52 ||quartz wedge || ||A setup to show the spectral analysis of the colors of a quartz wedge. || ||6H35.53 ||sign on crystals || ||A setup using a quartz wedge or sensitive plate to determine the sign of crystals. || ||6H35.53 ||butterfly || ||Mica, cellophane, etc. are placed between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.54 ||[[ThinSections|various crystal thicknesses: rock-forming minerals in thin-section]] || ||Various crystals are placed between crossed Polaroids including etchings. || ||6H35.55 ||cellophane between polaroids, etc || ||A nice short explanation of interference colors and a kitchen table variation where the polarizer and analyzer are not obvious. || ||6H35.55 ||cellophane between polaroids || ||A doubly refraction material between fixed and rotatable Polaroid sheets demonstrates color change with Polaroid rotation. || ||6H35.55 ||optical activity in cellophane tape || ||Interesting designs show up when plates with layered cellophane are placed between crossed Polaroids || ||6H35.56 ||polarized lion || ||The second polarizer is reflected light from a horizontal plate of glass. || ||6H35.57 ||polage || ||Optically active art work - metamorphosis of a cocoon into a butterfly as one Polaroid rotates. || ||6H35.60 ||Kerr effect with optical ceramics || ||Replace the nitrobenzene in the Kerr cell with an optical ceramic. An interesting welding goggles application is discussed. || ||6H35.61 ||Kerr effect - electrostatic shutter || ||Halowax oil is used between the plates of a capacitor set between crossed Polaroids Charge the capacitor with an electrostatic machine and the transmitted light will vary. || ||6H35.62 ||nematic liquid crystals || ||Directions for making cells with thin layers of the liquid crystal MBBA and various optics experiments with the material. || ||6H35.65 ||LCD ellement between polaroids || || || ||6H35.80 ||flow birefringence || ||A colloidal solution demonstrates birefringence accompanying flow. Preparation instructions. || = 6H50. Polarization by Scattering = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||6H50.10 ||sunset with polarizers || ||Use a sheet of Polaroid to check the polarization of scattering from a beam of light passing through a tank of water with scattering particles. || ||6H50.10 ||polarization in the sunset demo || ||Rotate a Polaroid in the incoming beam or at the top and side of the tank in the sunset demonstration. || ||6H50.10 ||polarization from a scattering tank || ||A mirror at 45 degrees mounted above the scattering tank reflects light scattered up onto the same Polaroid analyzer as the light scattered to the side. || ||6H50.10 ||the Tyndall experiment || ||Shine light in one side of a box with a scattering solution and look at the scattered light out in a perpendicular direction. || ||6H50.10 ||sunset with polarizers || ||Rotate a Polaroid in the incident beam of the sunset experiment with a mirror oriented at 45 degrees above the tank. || ||6H50.10 ||polarization by scattering || ||Add milk to water and show polarization of light scattered from a beam. || ||6H50.11 ||scattered laser light || ||Rotate a polarized laser about its own axis as it is scattered from a solution. || ||6H50.20 ||polarized scattering in a beaker || ||A beam of light is directed down into a beaker of water containing scattering centers. Rotate a sheet of Polaroid in front of the beaker or in the beam before it enters the water. || ||6H50.21 ||scattering tube || ||Direct polarized or unpolarized light up a vertical tube filled with a solution containing scattering centers. || ||6H50.30 ||depolarization by diffuse reflection || ||Reflect a beam of polarized light off a chalk surface through a Polaroid analyzer. || ||6H50.90 ||Haidinger's brush || ||Train yourself to detect polarized light with the naked eye. Most people can. || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]