#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read ||<25% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">[[PiraScheme#Astronomy|Table of Astronomy]] || ||<25% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">[[StellarAstronomy|Astronomy(8B):Stellar Astronomy]] ||<25% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">[[Demonstrations|Lecture Demonstrations]] || == Planetary Astronomy == ''PIRA classification 8A'' = 8A05. Historical Astronomy = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A05.10 ||Calender Wheels || ||Native American celestial calendar wheels and how to construct them. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 37(8), 476]] || ||8A05.15 ||Stonehenge || ||Many models of this famous megalith are available. || ||8A05.16 ||Megaliths || ||Some historical background on megalithic astronomy. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 45(2), 125]] || ||8A05.20a ||Constellations || ||Constellations used to interpret historical legends. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT, 31(6), 383]] || ||8A05.20b ||Constellations || ||The Big Dipper used to tell time. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT, 29(2), 80]] || ||8A05.30a ||Eratosthenes measurement of Earth's radius || ||Eratosthenes determination of the circumference of the Earth updated by doing the experiment from an aircraft. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 25(8), 500]] || ||8A05.30b ||Eratosthenes measurement of Earth's radius || ||Eratosthenes experiment redone using meter sticks instead of wells. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 26(3), 154]] || ||8A05.30c ||Measurement of Earth's radius || ||The calculation done using feet and miles. Also several other neat problems using Earth's radius as a starting point. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 31(9), 519]] || ||8A05.30d ||Measurement of Earth's diameter || ||A GPS is used to calculate the diameter of the Earth. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(6), 360]] || ||8A05.30e ||Eratosthenes measurement of Earth's radius || ||Trying to calculate the radius of the Earth by watching the Sun set twice, once from the bottom and then from the top of a tall building. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 31(7), 440]] || ||8A05.30f ||Eratosthenes - scale of Earth/Moon/Sun system || ||Using Eratosthenes calculation of the diameter of the Earth to calculate the size of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(3), 179]] || ||8A05.33 ||Eudoxus: homocentric spheres models || ||Two homocentric models of Eudoxus: one shows the motion of the Sun, the other shows retrograde motion. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 31(6),456]] || ||8A05.35 ||Ptolemaic and Copernican orbits || ||An analog computer (circuit given) displays orbits and epicycles on an oscilloscope. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 30(9),615]] || ||8A05.40a ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||A photographic solution to Kepler's laws. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 69(4), 481]] || ||8A05.40b ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||An unusual verification of Kepler's first law. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 69(10), 1036]] || ||8A05.40c ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||A graphical representation of Kepler's third law. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 36(4), 212]] || ||8A05.40d ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||Kepler's third law calculations without a calculator. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 42(9), 530]] || ||8A05.40e ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||Kepler's third law and the rise time of stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 25(8), 493]] || ||8A05.40f ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||Applying Kepler's third law to elliptical orbits. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(1), 42]] || ||8A05.40g ||Kepler and planetary orbits || ||Measuring an asteroids orbit to test Kepler's first and second law. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 36(1), 40]] || ||8A05.50 ||Sundial || ||A Plexiglas model of a sundial. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 52(2),185]] || ||8A05.50 ||Sundial || ||Detailed descriptions, pictures, and how to time correct a sundial. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 10(3), 117]] || ||8A05.50 ||Sundial, solar pocket watch || ||Picture of a portable sundial (solar pocket watch) dated 1573. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 41(5), 268]] || ||8A05.50 ||Sundial || ||Constructing a portable sundial. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 37(2), 113]] || ||8A05.50 ||Sundial, solar pocket watch || ||Additional observations on [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 41(5), 268]]. || ||8A05.55 ||Horizontal sundial || ||An analytic solution for determining the markings on a sundial and a description of construction. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 42(5),372]] || ||8A05.60 ||Cross-staff || ||Cut a meter stick into 57 1/3 cm and 42 2/3 cm. (At 57 1/3 cm one degree equals one cm.) Some refinements. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 33(2),165]] || ||8A05.70 ||Sextant || ||Pictures of and directions for sextants. || ||8A05.70 ||Sextant || ||An easily constructed mini-sextant and directions for it's use. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(4), 238]] || ||8A05.80 ||Artificial Horizon || ||A mercury filled dish that is used for an artificial horizon when taking measurements with a sextant during times when the real horizon is obscured. || ||8A05.85 ||Chronometer || ||An accurate ships time piece used in conjunction with the sextant to determine longitude and latitude. || ||8A05.90 ||Heliostat || ||Picture of a heliostat. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 38(3),391]] || = 8A10. Solar System Mechanics = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A10.05 ||Origin of the Solar System || ||Discussion on how the Solar System was formed. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 5(8), 363]] || ||8A10.06 ||Planetary nebula || ||On the formation of planetary nebula. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 29(5), 268]] || ||8A10.10a ||Orrery model ||pira200 ||A motor-driven model of the Sun, Moon, Earth system. The size is not to scale, the periods of orbit are scaled. || ||8A10.10b ||Orrery model || ||A mechanical model of the inner planets. || ||8A10.15 ||Scale of the Solar System - Video || || || ||8A10.15 ||Inflatable Solar System || || || ||8A10.15 ||Solar System on a String || || || ||8A10.15 ||Scale model of the Solar System || ||The scale model of the Solar System as a hallway demo. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 16(4), 223]] || ||8A10.15 ||Scale model of the Solar System || ||The 1:10 billion Colorado Scale-Model Solar System on the University of Colorado-Boulder campus. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 29(6), 371]] || ||8A10.15 ||Scale model of the Solar System || ||Globes and balloons used to model the planets of the Solar System. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 27(1), 38]] || ||8A10.16 ||Scale of the orbital radii of the planets || ||A hat pin, roll of tape, and some markers used to scale the orbital radii of the planets. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 43(2), 120]] || ||8A10.20 ||Locating stars || ||A simple analytical method at the descriptive astronomy level for locating stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 53(6),591]] || ||8A10.20 ||Locating stars || ||Using the stars of the Big Dipper to teach vectors. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 44(3), 168]] || ||8A10.22 ||Tracking stars, Sun, and Moon || ||Construction of an electromechanical device that automatically and continually tracks celestial objects. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 78 (11), 1128]] || ||8A10.25 ||Diurnal motion || ||Punch holes in a can bottom in the big dipper pattern and place over a point source of light. Rotate the can. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 43(1),113]] || ||8A10.30 ||Planispheric planetarium || ||Description of a homemade planetarium. || ||8A10.30 ||Small planetarium || ||Description of a small homemade planetarium dome. || ||8A10.33 ||Day & night || || || ||8A10.35 ||Local zenith || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.20]] || ||8A10.40 ||Sidereal time || ||An explanation of how a sidereal day differs from a solar day and how to calculate the difference. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 29(5), 265]] || ||8A10.42 ||Sidereal day || ||A simple method to measure the length of the sidereal day. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 30(9), 558]] || ||8A10.44 ||Sidereal year || ||Use orbital mechanics and centripetal force to calculate the sidereal year. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 32(2), 111]] || ||8A10.50 ||Precession of the equinox graph || ||A graph that shows the precession of the equinox from 1890 to 2000 and a discussion of its pedagogical value. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 55(9),848]] || ||8A10.60 ||Apparent motion of the sun || ||The autumn and spring equinoxes do not have equal length days and nights. Index of refraction through the atmosphere makes the day about 9 minutes longer than the night. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(3), 167]] || ||8A10.70 ||Distortion due to refraction by Earth atmosphere || ||On the flatness of the setting sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 71(4), 379]] || ||8A10.70 ||Distortion due to refraction by Earth atmosphere || ||A demonstration using sugar water to show why the Sun appears elliptical instead of round when viewed through the atmosphere. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 29(9), 566]] || ||8A10.70 ||Distortion due to refraction by Earth atmosphere || ||The appearance of the flattening of the solar disk and the appearance of the "anti-Sun" captured on film. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(9), 553]] || ||8A10.70 ||Distortion due to refraction by Earth atmosphere || ||The apparent ellipticity of the setting Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 20(6), 404]] || ||8A10.75 ||Distortion due to refraction by Earth atmosphere || ||A complete explanation of distortions produced by the atmosphere. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 39(2), 92]] || ||8A10.80 ||Geochron || ||The standard Geochron is used to show analemma, the part of the Earth lit by the Sun at any given time, etc. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ || ||8A10.80 ||Subsolar point || ||An experiment plotting the subsolar point (the place on Earth where the Sun is directly overhead at solar noon). See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 29(5), 318]] || ||8A10.80 ||Analemma || ||Additional comments on [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(1), 58]] || ||8A10.80 ||Analemma || ||A good explanation of how the analemma couples the seasonal declination changes of the Sun with the "Equation of Time". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(6), 355]] || ||8A10.80 ||Analemma || ||Analemma used to show why sunrise can be at the same time for several weeks while the length of the day increases. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(1), 58]] || ||8A10.80 ||Analemma || ||How to plot and demonstrate the noncircularity of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(9), 570]] || ||8A10.80 ||Analemma, clocks, apparent motion of the Sun || ||Explains why the length of the morning and afternoon do not increase in the same proportion as the length of the day gets longer. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 23(2), 85]] || ||8A10.90 ||Apparent motion of the Sun || ||A formula for the number of days between the winter solstice and the latest sunrise. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 71(12), 1242]] || ||8A10.90 ||Apparent motion of the Sun || ||Using simple equipment to measure the length of the solar day. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(6), 351]] || ||8A10.90 ||Apparent motion of the Sun || ||Using the apparent motion of the Sun to teach vectors and scalar products. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(5), 310]] || <> = 8A20. Earth-Moon Mechanics = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A20.05 ||Earth's Seasons || ||Showing the Earth's seasons with a 3-D model. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 31(7), 419]] || ||8A20.07 ||Seasonal Tilt || || || ||8A20.08 ||Tilt of the Earth - Video || || || ||8A20.15 ||Phases of the moon - terminator line demo ||pira200 ||View a ball illuminated by a distant light with a TV camera as the source is rotated around the ball. || ||8A20.15 ||Phases of the moon || ||How the view of the crescent moon changes from the northern to southern hemisphere. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(6), 371]] || ||8A20.15 ||Phases of the moon || ||An exercise in Moon watching and observation of phases of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 32(2), 126]] || ||8A20.15 ||Phases of the moon || ||Phases of the moon shown with a styrofoam ball, light source, and a CCD camera. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(6), 360]] || ||8A20.15 ||Phases of the moon || ||A handy way to teach "Moon Phases". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 31(3), 178]] || ||8A20.17 ||Phases models || ||Illuminated models for showing the phases of Venus and the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 3(6),263]] || ||8A20.19 ||Phases of planets || ||Calculating the phases of the outer planets. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 37(9), 528]] || ||8A20.20 ||Albedo || || || ||8A20.20 ||Brightness of the Moon || ||Two methods to determine the brightness of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 23(5), 293]] || ||8A20.22 ||Eccentricity of the Moon's orbit || ||A piece of cardboard with a hole slid up and down a yardstick is used to determine the eccentricity of the Moon's orbit. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 78 (8), 834]] || ||8A20.25 ||Eclipse model || ||An eclipse model built from Hoola Hoops to show the eclipse seasons. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(6), 376]] || ||8A20.30 ||Solar eclipse || ||Preparations and observation of the March 7, 1970 eclipse. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 9(5), 276]] || ||8A20.30 ||Solar eclipse || ||The path of the February 26, 1998 solar eclipse. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(9), 515]] || ||8A20.31 ||Solar eclipse || ||Using a solar eclipse to estimate the Earth-Moon distance. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 34(4), 232]] || ||8A20.32 ||Solar eclipse, pinhole images || ||Using pinholes and natural phenomenon to view a solar eclipse. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 32(6), 347]] || ||8A20.35 ||Lunar eclipse || ||Why the Moon appears red during a lunar eclipse. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 44(3), 181]] || ||8A20.37 ||Umbra, penumbra || ||Why there are crisp, dark or fuzzy shadows during eclipses. || ||8A20.40 ||Transit - Mercury & Venus || || ||8A20.45 ||Occultations || ||Occultation used to determine the diameter of a planet. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 45(10), 914]] || ||8A20.45 ||Occultations || ||Lunar geography shown determined by grazing occultation. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 21(4), 218]] || ||8A20.45 ||Occultations || ||Occultation used to determine the diameter of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 30(5), 290]] || ||8A20.50 ||Earth/Moon system || ||The Earth-Moon system orbits the Sun at its center of mass or barycenter. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 44(1), 48]] || ||8A20.55 ||Earth/Moon system || ||Using Earth-Moon communication to calculate the speed of light. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT, 44(7), 414]] || ||8A20.60 ||Earth/Moon distance || ||Retroreflector arrays and laser pulses to measure the Earth/Moon distance. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 33(2), 90]] || ||8A20.60 ||Earth/Moon distance || ||How to determine the distance to the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 10(1), 40]] || ||8A20.64 ||[[Earth-Moon-Sun_Model]] || ||A 10" globe, a painted tennis ball, and a 100 W bulb are used to represent the Earth-Moon-Sun system || ||8A20.70 ||Pinhead Earth || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.40]] || ||8A20.70 ||Scale model of the Earth/Moon/Sun system || ||Using a basketball and a push pin to model the Sun-Earth system. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(2), 115]] || ||8A20.70 ||Scale model of the Earth/Moon/Sun system || ||Pinholes used to enhance a 1:2 billion scale model of the Earth/Moon/Sun system. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 11(8), 489]] || ||8A20.80 ||Moon & Tides || || || = 8A30. Views From Earth = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A30.10 ||Horizon astronomy model || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.50]] || ||8A30.10 ||Cratering || || || ||8A30.10 ||Horizon calculations || ||A method for calculating the distance to the horizon. || ||8A30.10 ||Estimating the distance to the horizon || ||An analysis for calculating the distance to the horizon as a function of the altitude of the observer. Also takes into account the variation of atmospheric refractive index with height. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 50 (9), 795]] || ||8A30.10 ||Estimating the distance to the horizon || ||How to accurately estimate the distance to the horizon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 38(9), 528]] || ||8A30.13 ||Estimating the distance to the horizon || ||How to accurately estimate the distance to the horizon when at sea. || ||8A30.20 ||Cinhelium || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.51]] || ||8A30.30 ||Retrograde motion model ||pira200 ||Two balls, connected with a rod fixed through one ball and sliding through the other, orbit on a common focus. || ||8A30.30 ||Retrograde motion model || ||Two balls driven by independent clock motors are connected with a rod fixed through one ball and sliding through the other. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 54(11),1021]] || ||8A30.32 ||Retrograde motion || ||Three methods to plot retrograde motion, one is simpler than the others. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 43(7), 639]] || ||8A30.32 ||Retrograde motion || ||Using retrograde motion to understand and determine orbital parameters of a planet using only geometry and trigonometry. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/AJP|73(11), 1023]] || ||8A30.32 ||Retrograde motion of Mars || ||How to plot the retrograde motion of Mars on paper. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 37(6), 342]] || ||8A30.32 ||Retrograde motion || ||A method of plotting retrograde motion on a large scale to be done outdoors with twine and students. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 30(5), 302]] || ||8A30.32 ||Retrograde motion || ||Plotting retrograde motion in a manner that gives a better diagram. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 21(4), 252]] || ||8A30.34 ||Retrograde motion || ||Retrograde motion and epicycles are shown using polar graph paper and a fender washer. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(9), 554]] || ||8A30.40 ||Epicycles || ||An Orrery carries a small flashlight on a rod between Earth and Jupiter to project epicycloidal motion. || ||8A30.40 ||Epicycles || ||An elliptical Lucite dish has two arms attached to one foci. Place some ball bearings between the two arms and rotate the rear arm at constant angular velocity. || ||830.40 ||Epicycles || ||A diagram of how to make a fairly simple crank device to trace out elliptical through cusped figures with a penlight. || ||8A30.50 ||Synodic period || ||Using calculations to show that the conjuction and opposition of a planet are not "perfect" due to non-circular orbits. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 19(2), 116]] || ||8A30.50 ||Synodic period || ||Use relative angular velocity to calculate the synodic period. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 23(3), 154]] || ||8A30.60 ||Tidal locking || ||Why the same side of the Moon always faces the Earth. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 41 (6), 363]] || ||8A30.60 ||Tidal locking || ||A demonstration on how the Moon and other moons become tidally locked. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(6), 379]] || ||8A30.70 ||Parallax || ||Have students measure the distance to objects in the classroom by parallax using a camera to better understand stellar parallax. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 45(5), 490]] || ||8A30.70 ||Parallax || ||Another simple photographic experiment to help students understand parallax. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 45(12), 1221]] || ||8A30.70 ||Parallax || ||Measuring the distance to an outer planet by parallax with a camera. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 35(1), 34]] || ||A30.72 ||Parallax || ||A laboratory model to calculate stellar distances by parallax and relative magnitude. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 45(11), 1124]] || ||8A30.80 ||Autoresonance || ||3:2 and 2:1 resonances of the planets and asteroids. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP, 69(10), 1096]] || ||8A30.90 ||Roche Limit || ||A calculation of the Roche limit of a Jovian planet and a simulated experiment to test the calculation. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT, 44(6), 381]] || = 8A35. Views From Earth 2 = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A35.10 ||Celestial sphere ||pira200||A simple model celestial sphere is made from a round bottom flask. Pictures. || ||8A35.10 ||Celestial sphere || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.80]] || ||8A35.15 ||Celestial sphere || ||Modifying the Replogle Model 15620 celestial sphere. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 18(6), 465]] || ||8A35.16 ||Celestial sphere || ||Making your own celestial sphere by locating stars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 25(7), 438]] || ||8A35.18 ||Celestial sphere || ||Introducing students to the celestial sphere should always be done with a companion Earth-Sun model. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|AJP 73(11), 1030]] || ||8A35.18 ||Celestial sphere || ||Difficulties teaching concepts with a celestial sphere may be simplified by construction of a mechanical Armillary. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 10(2), 96]] || ||8A35.30 ||Satellite orbits || ||Plotting the orbits of the planets from existing data and charts. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT, 45(6), 369]] || ||8A35.30 ||Satellite orbits || ||Orbital periods of Mercury, Venus, and the Earth simulated using a whirligig setup. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 31(2), 122]] || ||8A35.30 ||Satellite orbits || ||Calculating how long it takes for a planet to fall into the Sun if its orbital motion is arrested and relating that to the orbital period of the planet. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 36(2), 122]] || ||8A35.32 ||Satellite orbits || ||The orbital motion of the Moon explained by projectile motion. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 19(3), 181]] || ||A35.35 ||Satellite orbits || ||Calculation showing that an orbiting satellite is in freefall. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 23(1), 29]] || ||8A35.35 ||Satellite orbit model || ||Making a satellite/Earth system model from glass tubing, a model rocket, nylon thread, a support stand, wooden sphere, and hooked masses. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 46(4), 237]] || ||8A35.40 ||Satellite orbits || ||The effect of atmospheric drag and temperature on satellite orbits. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 43(7), 452]] || ||8A35.50 ||Slingshot effect || ||A simple explanation of the "slingshot effect" or "gravity assist". See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 23(8), 466]] || = 8A40. Planetary Properties: Globes, Hemispheres, & Maps = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A40.10 ||Globes || ||Globes of Earth, the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, etc. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A20.10]] || ||8A40.20 ||Globes and hemispheres || ||The angles of any triangle on a sphere or hemisphere always add up to more than 180 degrees. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 32(8), 506]] || ||8A40.20 ||The minimum path length joining two points on a sphere's surface is a segment of a "great circle". || ||Globes and hemispheres. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|TPT 26(5), 280]] || = 8A50. Planetary Properties 2: The Planets = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A50.10 ||Mercury || || || ||8A50.12 ||Mercury's Orbit || ||Plotting Mercury's orbit from data in The Astronomical Almanac. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(6), 346]] || ||8A50.15 ||Perihelion of Mercury || ||The precession of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit calculated using the LaPlace-Runge-Lenz vector.. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 73(8), 730]] || ||8A50.15 ||Perihelion of Mercury || ||A Lagrangian yielding the same equations of motion that Einstein derived for the precession of the perihelion of Mercury. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 70(5), 498]] || ||8A50.20 ||Venus || || || ||8A50.30 ||Earth || || || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||Does the Earth rotate? Seven "proofs" for the rotation of the Earth. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(2), 86]] || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||Several other experiments carried out that proved the Earth rotates. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(7), 418]] || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||One more "proof" the Earth rotates. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(4), 196]] || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||Additional experiments on how we sense the Earth rotates. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(2), 111]] || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||Leeuwenhoek's "Proof" of the Earth's rotation. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(3), 144]] || ||8A50.30 ||Earth's Rotation || ||Emperical evidence the Earth rotates by marking the length of a shadow of a rod in two minute intervals starting 20 minutes before midday and ending 20 minutes after midday. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(2), 116]] || ||8A50.34 ||Geological Timeline - Earth || || || ||8A50.35 ||The Moon || ||A calculation of how high you can jump on the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 11(1), 43]] || ||8A50.35 ||The Moon || ||What information it takes to calculate the size of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(3), 179]] || ||8A50.36 ||The Moon's orbit || ||How to observe the Moon's path with a cross-staff and plot its path. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(3), 160]] || ||8A50.38 ||Moonquakes || ||Detection and analysis of moonquakes by the seismometers left on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 522]] || ||8A50.39 ||The Moon's offset center-of-mass || ||Comments on the center-of -mass offset of the Moon. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(7),762]] || ||8A50.40 ||Mars || || || ||8A50.41 ||Mars Missions, Orbital Timing || ||The problems, physics principles, and timing involved in a mission from Earth to Mars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT, 43(5), 293]] || ||8A50.42 ||Aerobraking at Mars || ||The physics of aerobraking at Mars. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 36(3), 154]] || ||8A50.45 ||Mars' moons || || || ||8A50.50 ||Jupiter || || || ||8A50.52 ||Jupiter || ||Looking at the Solar System from Jupiter's reference frame. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(3), 178]] || ||8A50.55 ||Jupiter's moons / Galilean Satellites || || || ||8A50.55 ||Io || ||The volcanos on Io. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 19(6), 402]] || ||8A50.55 ||Europa's Ocean || ||An exercise exploring the effect of freefall acceleration on buoyancy and waves. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(8), 508]] || ||8A50.55 ||Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons || ||A look at the challenges Galileo faced during his observation of the Jovian moons. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(2), 103]] || ||8A50.60 ||Saturn || || || ||8A50.65 ||Saturn's Moons || || || ||8A50.65 ||Mimas || ||Statistics about Mimas and the view of Saturn from Mimas. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 26(4), 207]] || ||8A50.70 ||Uranus || || || ||8A50.75 ||Uranus' Moons || || || ||8A50.80 ||Neptune || || || ||8A50.85 ||Neptune's Moons || || || = 8A60. Planetary Properties 3: Planetoids, Minor Objects = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A60.10 ||Pluto/Charon || ||The history and process that resulted in Pluto's demotion from a planet to a minor object. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 45(1), 14]] || ||8A60.20 ||Asteroids || || || ||8A60.25 ||Asteroids || ||Describes the trajectory of an asteroid as it approaches a planet of much greater mass. Values are given for Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 74(8), 717]] || ||8A60.25 ||Asteroids || ||Estimates of catastrophic asteroid and comet impacts on the Earth. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 74(9), 789]] || ||8A60.25 ||Asteroids || ||How asteroid or comet impacts is not the cause of and would not significantly change the eccentricity of Earth's orbit. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 71(7), 687]] || ||8A60.25 ||Asteroids || ||The physics of asteroid/Earth collisions. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 40(8), 487]] || ||8A60.30 ||Meteorites || ||Mass spectroscopy of meteorites. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 5(1), 5]] || ||8A60.35 ||Meteors || ||"Observing" a meteors ionized trail by using radio. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 37(2), 123]] || ||8A60.40 ||Outer Solar System Objects || || || ||8A60.50 ||The Kuiper Belt || || || ||8A60.60 ||Extra-Solar Planets || ||The precision it takes to detect extra-solar planets. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(7), 400]] || ||8A60.60 ||Extra-Solar Planets || ||Teaching about data and detection of extra-solar planets by asking how our solar system would look if viewed by an observer from far away using the same detection methods. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 42(4), 208]] || ||8A60.60 ||Extra-Solar Planets || ||Teaching about and helping with the search for extra-solar planets. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(2), 120]] || ||8A60.70 ||Matter from Outside Our Solar System || ||Using cosmic rays to study matter in the galaxy outside our solar system. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 20(4), 222]] || = 8A70. Planetary Properties 4: Planetary Characteristics = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A70.05 ||Geological Samples || ||Assortments of rocks, minerals, or gemstones. || ||8A70.10 ||Planetary Magnetism || || || ||8A70.10 ||Earth's Magnetic Field || ||An elementary model of Earth's magnetic field capturing some features of the geodynamo. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 45(3), 168]] || ||8A70.20 ||Refraction/Twinkling || ||Refer to 6A40.47 to demonstrate how observing planets and stars through the atmosphere makes them appear to twinkle. || ||8A70.20 ||Thickness of Earth's Atmosphere || ||A method of estimating the thickness of the atmosphere by light scattering. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 71(10), 979]] || ||8A70.20 ||Effective Depth of Earth's Atmosphere || ||Using "The Old Farmers Almanac" to calculate the effective depth of the atmosphere. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(2), 90]] || ||8A70.20 ||Earth's Atmosphere || ||The interaction of radiation from the Sun and the Earth's atmosphere determines the Earth's climate. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 26(5), 266]] || ||8A70.22 ||Sounding Balloon Experiment || ||Atmospheric measurements using sounding balloons. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 43(9), 578]] || ||8A70.30 ||Sprites || ||Exotic lightening that takes place above thunderstorms. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 74(9), 804]] || ||8A70.40 ||Greenhouse Effect || ||See 4B50.60 for demonstrations of the greenhouse effect. || ||8A70.45 ||Cloud Formation || ||See 4B70.20 for cloud in a bottle demonstrations. || ||8A70.48 ||IR Telescope Model || ||Construction of a simple IR telescope. || ||8A70.50 ||Gaseous Planets || || || ||8A70.50 ||Gaseous Planet Atmospheres || ||Float bubbles on layers of Freon, CO2, or other heavy gases in the bottom of a fish tank. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(7), 490]] || ||8A70.55 ||Rotational Banding || ||Rheoscopic fluid in a round bottom flask placed on a turntable will show rotational banding when turned for a few seconds. || ||8A70.55 ||Planetary Atmospheres || ||A demonstration that can be used to explain rotational banding in planetary atmospheres. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(7), 391]] || ||8A70.55 ||Planetary Atmospheres || ||The composition of the atmospheres of the planets and the moon Titan. How would acoustic waves travel in these atmospheres. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 40(4), 239]] || ||8A70.60 ||Precipitation in the Solar System || ||Descriptions of the types of precipitation that fall on the other planets and moons in the Solar System. Some of these can be brought into the classroom. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 45(8), 502]] || ||8A70.65 ||Aurora || ||Historical and detailed explanation of Earth's aurora. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 17(4), 228]] || ||8A70.65 ||Aurora || ||A brief description of aurora and how to photograph them. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(2), 68]] || ||8A70.65 ||Auroral Measurements || ||How to obtain and plot auroral data in the classroom. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(1), 34]] || ||8A70.70 ||Lightening Whistlers || ||Ionospherice whistlers at radio frequencies. || ||8A70.70 ||Culvert Whistlers || ||See 3B25.67 for acoustical examples, demonstrations, and comparisons to ionospheric whistlers. || ||8A70.75 ||Planetary Density Model || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||8A70.78 ||Planetary Gravities || ||Use pennies and soda cans to show how a can of soda would feel on different planets. Mercury = 38 pennies, Venus = 101, Earth = 1 can of soda or 100 pennies, the Moon = 12, Mars = 38, Jupiter = 293, Saturn = 119, Uranus and Neptune = 133, Pluto = 0. || ||8A70.80 ||Red Hot Ball || ||Heat a small metal ball until it glows red hot. Watch it cool with a black and white camera or an IR camera. Observe that it still glows in the camera even though the eye can no longer see it. A match may be lit off the apparently non-glowing ball for effect. || ||8A70.80 ||Earth's Glow || ||The Earth glows from nuclear processes in the interior. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(4), 230]] || ||8A70.85 ||Earthquakes || ||Student participation in P-wave and S-wave demonstrations. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(7), 479]] || ||8A70.90 ||Cratering || ||Drop ball bearings into a pan of glass beads or flour. Illuminate with a lamp from the side of the pan to provide contrast. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A20.30]] || ||8A70.90 ||Cratering || ||Impact cratering studied in the laboratory using a marble for the meteorite, salt for the target, and a video camera to record the impact. Frame by frame analysis. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 68(8), 771]] || ||8A70.91 ||Cratering || ||High speed photography and analysis of milk drops falling into coffee that can be applied to cratering. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 27(2), 118]] || = 8A80. Planetary Properties 5: Comets and the Search for Life = ||<10% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets''' ||<60% style="" & quot;text-align:center& quot; " ">'''Abstract''' || ||8A80.10 ||Make a Comet || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||8A80.10 ||Ed's Comet || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||8A80.20 ||Comet Orbit || ||See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8A10.65]] || ||8A80.20 ||Comet Orbits || ||The erroneous view that in Newton's Principia one can find a proof that inverse-square central forces implies a conic-section orbit. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 23(1), 6]] || ||8A80.30 ||Halley's Comet || ||About Halley's comet. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(8), 488]] || ||8A80.30 ||Halley's Comet || ||Preparing to observe Halley's comet in 1986. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 15(2), 110]] || ||8A80.30 ||Halley's Comet || ||Making a Halley's comet orbit model. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 23(8), 490]] || ||8A80.30 ||Halley's Comet || ||Making sense of the apparent path of Halley's comet. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 23(8), 485]] || ||8A80.40 ||Comet Hale-Bopp || ||A computer preview of comet Hale-Bopp. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(9), 558]] || ||8A80.40 ||Comet Hale-Bopp || ||Photographs and data review of comet Hale-Bopp. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(6), 348]] || ||8A80.80 ||Comets Emit X-Rays || ||Surprise, comets emit x-rays. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 35(4), 247]] || ||8A80.90 ||Creating Life in the Classroom || ||Spoof the creation of life in the classroom by putting the necessary ingredients in a tank, add UV light and lightening, and voila. || ||8A80.95 ||Life on Other Planets || ||Searching for life on other planets. What to look for. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 20(2), 90]] || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]