#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read == Nuclear Physics == ''PIRA classification 7D'' ||<#dddddd>Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. || = 7D10. Radioactivity = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||7D10.09 ||radiation saftey || ||Introduction to the handbook "Radiation Protection in Teaching Institutions" with brief presentation of urgently needed information. || ||7D10.10 ||gieger counter & samples || ||Listen to a Geiger counter when radioactive samples are tested. Place objects like paper, wood, and lead between the source and the tube to check their shielding properties. || ||7D10.10 ||gieger counter & samples || || || ||7D10.11 ||sources of radioactivity || ||Obtain radioactive ore or old radon seeds. || ||7D10.12 ||radioactive plate || ||A red "fiesta" plate is checked for radioactivity. || ||7D10.15 ||coin flip half life || || || ||7D10.20 ||half life with isotope generator || || || ||7D10.20 ||half life with isotope generator || ||Three isotope generators that can be "milked". || ||7D10.20 ||half life || ||The half life of a barium 137 sample recorded on a computer based analyzer. || ||7D10.21 ||isotope generator || ||The commercial Cs/Ba generator. || ||7D10.21 ||isotope generator || ||On the amount of the longer-lived Sn coming through the generator. || ||7D10.21 ||reply to comment || ||You idiots. || ||7D10.25 ||radon in the air || || || ||7D10.25 ||radon, thoron in the air || ||Pump air through a filter and measure the decay to get two half lives of 32 min and 10 hr. || ||7D10.25 ||radon in the air half life || ||Pump air through a filter and place the filter under a counter attached to a strip chart recorder. Reference: AJP 28(11),743. || ||7D10.27 ||emanation electroscope || ||Demonstrate thorium half life by observing the decay of an emanation electroscope. || ||7D10.27 ||emanation electroscope || ||The Welch emanation electroscope is used to demonstrate thorium half life. Reference: AJP 29(11),789. || ||7D10.30 ||contamination by neutron source || || || ||7D10.30 ||contamination by neutron source || ||A coin is placed with a neutron source on a paraffin block for a minute and then tested for radioactivity. || ||7D10.31 ||buildup and decay || ||Aluminum foil on the rim of a wheel rotates between a neutron source and beta detector. || ||7D10.33 ||half life of silver || ||Measure the half life of silver activated by a neutron source. || ||7D10.33 ||half life of silver || ||Use a neutron source and silver dollar. || ||7D10.36 ||radoiactive iodine source || ||Irradiate the sodium iodide crystal that is in the scintillation spectrometer. || ||7D10.40 ||secular equilibrium || || || ||7D10.40 ||secular and transient equilibrium || ||Water flow models of the half life of the daughter being much less and less than the parent. || ||7D10.40 ||radioactive decay model || ||Cylindrical vessels placed above each other show a hydraulic model of radioactive decay. || ||7D10.41 ||secular equilibruim in series || ||A model of a series of disintegrations with a series of capillary tubes emptying into each other. || ||7D10.41 ||simultaneous decay model || ||Water from two capillaries starting with water at different heights is collected and the results plotted. || ||7D10.42 ||water flow model of decay || ||Water drips from a capillary for equal time intervals into a series of test tubes. In another setup, the water drips through wire meshes to a counter. || ||7D10.45 ||electrical analog of decay || || || ||7D10.47 ||electric analog of decay || ||An electrical circuit allows three consecutive first-order rate reactions. || ||7D10.47 ||atomic radiative decay analog || ||The response of an electrical circuit is compared to the decay characteristics of coupled three level atomic systems. || ||7D10.48 ||analog computer decay model || ||Circuit for an analog computer does three stage nuclear chain decay. || ||7D10.50 ||dice on the overhead || || || ||7D10.50 ||dice on the overhead || || || ||7D10.50 ||dice on the overhead || ||Drill a face centered hole through each of twenty dice and roll he bunch on an overhead projector, removing the ones that light shows through. || ||7D10.55 ||coin toss half life || || || ||7D10.60 ||range and absorption || || || ||7D10.60 ||range and absorption || ||Different barriers are placed between a gamma source and a detector. || ||7D10.60 ||nuclear shielding || ||Cardboard, aluminum, and lead sheets shield a detector. || ||7D10.61 ||beta and gamma ray absorption || ||A set of absorbers for showing alpha, beta, and gamma absorption. || ||7D10.65 ||exponential absorption model || ||A series of neutral density filters are added to a light and photocell arrangement to model absorption. || ||7D10.70 ||range of alpha particles || ||Bring an alpha source near a grid and plate connected to an electroscope. || ||7D10.75 ||scattering of alpha particles || ||A thin metal foil placed between an alpha source and a detector shows the intensity of scattering dependent on angle. || ||7D10.80 ||cosmic rays || || || ||7D10.80 ||cosmic rays || ||Scintillator paddles are placed on each side of a person and simultaneous events indicate cosmic ray muons passing through the body. || = 7D20. Nuclear Reactions = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||7D20.00 ||Nuclear Reactions || || || ||7D20.10 ||mousetraps || || || ||7D20.10 ||mousetraps || ||56 mousetraps in a cage are each set with two corks. || ||7D20.10 ||mousetrap chain reaction || ||A large number of mousetraps set with two corks each in a large cage. || ||7D20.10 ||mousetrap chain reaction || ||Ping pong balls on mousetraps. || ||7D20.11 ||better mousetrap || ||An electronic mousetrap array that can be used as a single event "bomb" or a continuous self-sustaining nuclear reaction. || ||7D20.11 ||mousetrap improvments || ||Attach groups of six mousetraps to a hardwood block. The spacing between the blocks can be varied to produce subcritical, critical, or supercritical assemblies. Place two wood blocks on each trap. || ||7D20.12 ||nuclear-disintegration model || ||A ball rolls down an incline and hits a group of balls in a small potential well. || ||7D20.15 ||match chain reactions || || || ||7D20.15 ||match chain reactions || || || ||7D20.15 ||match chain reaction || ||Matches are spaced differently in two perpendicular rows. Light the match at the junction and the entire row with the smaller spacing ignites. || ||7D20.20 ||dominoes chain reaction || || || ||7D20.20 ||dominoes chain reaction || ||Knock down a row of dominoes of ever increasing size. || ||7D20.20 ||domino "chain reaction" || ||A whisp of cotton knocks over a small domino starting a chain reaction in which each succeeding domino is 1 1/2 times larger in all dimensions. || ||7D20.30 ||uranium model || ||A sphere contains internal mechanisms to eject two balls (electrons) after a ball is dropped in (thermal neutron.) Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p. 1378. || ||7D20.31 ||U235 fission model || ||A wooden sphere flies apart and ejects two wood balls and an iron sphere when an iron sphere is dropped in. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p. 1380. || ||7D20.35 ||fission model - liquid drop || ||Probe a motor oil drop in alcohol/water to induce "fission". || ||7D20.40 ||moderation of fast neutrons || ||The moderation of fast neutrons in paraffin yields both fast and thermal neutrons shown by shielding the boron counter with a Cd sheet and detecting thermal neutrons from a second paraffin block. || ||7D20.41 ||water model xenon poisoning reactor || ||A water flow model of the behavior of a thermal neutron reactor with xenon poisoning. || ||7D20.60 ||resonance absorption of gamma rays || ||Model of resonance absorption of gamma rays consists of an electromagnetically driven tuning fork and audio oscillator. || ||7D20.90 ||nuclear explosion effects || ||An introductory level summary of the physics of a nuclear bomb explosion and the effects on humans. || = 7D30. Particle Detectors = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||7D30.05 ||Ludlum Detectors || || || ||7D30.05 ||Ludlum Detectors || ||Ludlum hand held alpha, beta, and gamma detectors are used with a variety of sources. || ||7D30.05 ||survey meters || ||Alpha, beta, and gamma survey meter and slow neutron monitor. || ||7D30.06 ||GM tube to Apple circuit || ||A simple complete circuit for biasing a GM tube, pulse shaping, and interfacing to an Apple computer. || ||7D30.08 ||Poisson destribution of counts || ||An electronic circuit provides output pulses when the time interval between pulses is of the preset value. Show the difference between inputs from a scintillation detector and Geiger counter. || ||7D30.10 ||nixie Geiger counter || || || ||7D30.10 ||nixie geiger counter || ||A Geiger tube in a lead brick is used with a nixie tube counter. || ||7D30.10 ||geiger counter || ||A Geiger tube in a lead block is attached to a nixie tube counter. || ||7D30.11 ||Geiger-Muller tube || ||Make a simple tube with a wire down the middle at low pressure. Includes circuits for counters. || ||7D30.12 ||Geiger point counter || ||A Geiger point counter made with an ordinary steel phonograph needle. || ||7D30.13 ||water-jet counter || ||A fine water jet impinging on a rubber diaphragm is controlled by a metal electrode. || ||7D30.14 ||ionizaton avalanche model || ||Rows of balls held on an inclined plank at intervals by wires from an avalanche starting with one ball as more balls are knocked out in each interval. || ||7D30.15 ||thermal neutron detector || || || ||7D30.15 ||thermal neutron detector || ||A UO2 detector for fission produced thermal neutrons. || ||7D30.16 ||neutron howitzer || ||A 55 gal drum filled with paraffin. || ||7D30.16 ||neutron howitzer || ||A 2 curie neutron source is used with a BF3 detector. || ||7D30.20 ||alpha detector || || || ||7D30.20 ||alpha detector || ||The Cenco alpha detector with a high voltage bias between a plate and a wire grid. || ||7D30.20 ||Cenco alpha detector review || ||Long review of the Cenco alpha counter originally developed by Harold Waage. || ||7D30.20 ||grid alpha detector || ||A grid over a plate is biased just below sparking and an alpha source is brought near. Cenco photo. || ||7D30.21 ||simple alpha detector || ||Directions on making a simple homemade single wire spark counter. || ||7D30.22 ||Si photodiode alpha detector || ||Use a Si photodiode as a alpha detector. A charge sensitive preamp design is included. || ||7D30.25 ||spark chamber || || || ||7D30.25 ||spark chambers || ||Plans for two types of spark chambers: multiplate and "curtain discharge". || ||7D30.25 ||spark chamber || ||Construction details, driver and power supply circuits for a small spark chamber. || ||7D30.25 ||spark chamber || ||A small spark chamber is shown. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p.1390, Reference: AJP 31(8),571. || ||7D30.28 ||ionization chamber || ||A simple parallel plate ionization chamber built in an aluminum roasting chamber with a sensitive volume of 75 cubic inches. || ||7D30.30 ||magnetic deflection of beta rays || ||A magnet is used to bend electrons from a beta source past a shield to a detector. || ||7D30.31 ||beta spectrometer || ||A qualitative beta spectrometer for use as a lecture demonstration. Pictures, Diagrams, Construction details in appendix, p. 1370. || ||7D30.32 ||demonstration beta spectrometer || ||A small beta spectrometer with a 4" face. || ||7D30.40 ||film detection || ||Several samples are placed on a large sheet of film overnight and the film is developed the next day showing which are radioactive. || ||7D30.41 ||film detection || ||On using Polaroid land sheet film packets as a detector for radiation experiments and demonstrations. || ||7D30.50 ||Wilson cloud chamber || || || ||7D30.50 ||Wilson cloud chamber || ||Squeeze the rubber bulb of the Wilson cloud chamber and watch tracks from an alpha source. || ||7D30.50 ||Wilson cloud chamber || ||The Knipp type chamber with a rubber bulb and alpha source. || ||7D30.51 ||Wilson cloud chamber || ||An expansion cloud chamber mounted in a lantern projector. || ||7D30.55 ||cycling Wilson cloud chamber || ||An automatically cycling Wilson cloud chamber. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p.1382, Reference: AJP 18(3),149. || ||7D30.60 ||diffusion cloud chambers || ||Dry ice diffusion cloud chambers. || ||7D30.60 ||[[CloudChamber|diffusion cloud chamber]] ||pira200||Use dry ice to create a cloud chamber.|| ||7D30.60 ||cloud chamber accessories || ||Drawings of a lamp housing and chamber housing. || ||7D30.60 ||small cloud chamber || ||A 10x10x10 cm plexiglass cube cloud chamber suitable for TV projection. || ||7D30.60 ||small cloud chamber || ||A transparent plastic refrigerator jar on a cake of dry ice serves as a small continuous cloud chamber. || ||7D30.60 ||simple diffusion cloud chamber || ||Using cheap parts to make a dry ice cloud chamber. || ||7D30.60 ||diffusion cloud chamber || ||A large chamber supersaturated with alcohol vapor is cooled with an alcohol/dry ice bath at the bottom. || ||7D30.60 ||large cloud chamber || ||A large alcohol/dry ice cloud chamber is shown. Pictures. || ||7D30.60 ||continuous cloud chamber || ||Alcohol in a jar placed on dry ice makes a cheap cloud chamber. || ||7D30.60 ||cloud chambers || ||Dry ice diffusion cloud chambers. || ||7D30.62 ||cloud chamber || ||A fancier dry ice and alcohol cloud chamber. || ||7D30.63 ||LN2 cooled diffusion cloud chamber || ||The design of a LN2 cooled diffusion cloud chamber with increased sensitivity and quick startup. || ||7D30.64 ||cloud chamber - vacuum jacket || ||Design for a vacuum jacket that increases the sensitive area of the chamber. || ||7D30.65 ||glycol cloud chamber || ||A glycol cloud chamber is heated at the top and cooled with running water at the bottom. || ||7D30.68 ||photographing tracks || ||Black dye (Nigrosin) in methanol provides a dark nonreflective background, other hints. || ||7D30.69 ||cloud chamber principles || ||Place a spark gap in the steam coming from a teakettle. || ||7D30.70 ||model cyclotron || ||A conical pendulum is accelerated by periodic electrical forces four times per revolution to model the motion of a charged particle in an isochronous cyclotron with four 90 degree Dees. || ||7D30.70 ||model cyclotron || ||A Ball is gravitationally accelerated along a spiral grove in an apparatus designed to demonstrate the principles of acceleration and phase stability in a cyclotron. || ||7D30.70 ||model cyclotron || || || ||7D30.70 ||model cyclotron || || || ||7D30.71 ||linear accelerator - sand model || ||A Wimshurst charges a model linear accelerator that shoots sand out one end. || ||7D30.75 ||particle focusing in accelerator || ||Inverted pendulum model of focusing in a particle accelerator. || ||7D30.78 ||model synchrotron || ||A steel ball bounces on an oscillating piston with concave surface to provide focusing. At constant amplitude, the ball bounces lower when the period is decreased. || ||7D30.80 ||bubble chamber photographs || || || ||7D30.80 ||bubble chamber photographs || ||Welch. Two slide sets taken at the 20" in chamber at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. || ||7D30.80 ||bubble chamber photographs || ||Pictures and analysis of bubble chamber pictures. || ||7D30.80 ||bubble chamber tracks || ||Determination of the rest mass of a hyperon particle from bubble chamber pictures. Pictures. || ||7D30.90 ||mass spectrometer || ||Apparatus Drawings Project No. 7: A mass spectrometer for undergraduate lab with a resolving power of 75. || ||7D30.90 ||mass spectrometer || ||Apparatus Drawings Project No. 5: Small Mass Spectrometer. Construction plans for a small radius 180 degree mass spectrometer with a salt coated tungsten filament, 1K gauss, 100V, resolving power 33. || ||7D30.91 ||model linear accelerator || ||A ping pong ball is accelerated in a Plexiglas tube when a series of ring electrodes are charged by a Wimshurst || ||7D30.95 ||pair production and annihilation || ||A pair of scintillation counters face each other across an electron beam interrupted by a card with the appropriate equipment to detect coincidences. || ||7D30.96 ||coincidence counters for cosmic rays || ||A circuit with two Geiger-Muler tubes. || = 7D40. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||7D40.00 ||NMR || || || ||7D40.10 ||NMR gyro model || || || ||7D40.10 ||NMR - gyroscope model || ||A modified gyroscope model of NMR. Diagram, References, AJP 29(10),709. || ||7D40.11 ||NMR - gyroscope model || ||A gyroscope with a permanent magnet is placed on like poles of an electromagnet. || ||7D40.12 ||NMR - gyroscope model || ||A gyroscope model designed to show the magnetic transitions when the field and Larmor frequency are identical. || ||7D40.13 ||NMR - Maxwell top model || ||The top post of the Maxwell top is constrained by rubber bands attached to a frame to demonstrate the "flopping" of the magnetic moment vector which increases or decreases the precession angle. || ||7D40.13 ||Larmor precession model || ||A spinning gyro over an electromagnet demonstrates Larmor precession. Diagram, Picture, Construction details in appendix, p.1392. || ||7D40.15 ||magnetic resonance || ||A small magnet suspended driven with Helmholtz coils will oscillate at a particular frequency, but at a different frequency if a static field is applied at right angles. || ||7D40.16 ||Larmor precession || ||A bicycle wheel gyro used to show Larmor precession. || ||7D40.20 ||NMR - air bearing gyro model || ||An air bearing gyro with Alnico magnet in the ball and Helmholtz coils. || ||7D40.20 ||air gyro in Helmholtz coils || ||NMR principles are demonstrated with an air gyro mounted between Helmholtz coils. Diagrams, Reference: AJP 33(4),322. || ||7D40.22 ||Magnetic top in Helmholtz coils || ||An air driven magnetic top mounted between Helmholtz coils demonstrates spinning dipole interaction with external fields. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p. 1393. || ||7D40.30 ||spin echo spectrometer || || || ||7D40.30 ||spin echo spectrometer || ||Design and construction of a simple pulsed NMR spectrometer, used first in a high school physics class. || ||7D40.30 ||spin echo instrument || ||Four demonstrations with a simplified spin echo instrument. || ||7D40.31 ||NMR "grid dip" method with cobalt || ||A bottle of powdered cobalt, a grid current meter, and a tuned oscillator show a small dip in grid current at resonance. || ||7D40.40 ||NMR with fixed field || ||Block diagram of a method to demonstrate NMR in a fixed field by sweeping and modulating the frequency. || ||7D40.40 ||magnetic resonance demonstration || ||A description of a simple and inexpensive demonstration model of pulsed magnetic resonance effects. || ||7D40.40 ||simple NMR spectrometer || ||Circuits for a simple NMR spectrometer. || = 7D50. Models of the Nucleus = ||<10% style=""text-align:center" ">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style=""text-align:center" ">'''Abstract''' || ||7D50.00 ||Models of the Nucleus || || || ||7D50.10 ||Rutherford scattering || || || ||7D50.10 ||Rutherford scattering || ||Balls roll down a ramp onto a potential surface to model Rutherford scattering. || ||7D50.10 ||scattering surface with analyzer || ||Balls roll down an incline onto a scattering surface. Eighteen pockets ring the surface. || ||7D50.11 ||Rutherford scattering on the OH || ||Ink dipped balls are rolled down an incline toward a clear plastic potential hill on an overhead projector stage. || ||7D50.12 ||alpha particle scattering model || ||A magnet pendulum is repulsed by the pole of a vertical electromagnet. Orbits can be demonstrated in the attracting case. || ||7D50.13 ||Rutherford pendulum || ||An electromagnet pendulum suspended from an aluminum rod swings by an electromagnet on the table. || ||7D50.14 ||Rutherford scattering on table || ||A dry ice puck with a vertically mounted magnet is placed on a glass plate with a second vertically oriented magnet just underneath to give an inverse square force. || ||7D50.15 ||alpha particle scattering model || ||A ping pong ball pendulum is suspended above a Van de Graaff generator. || ||7D50.16 ||"Welch" scattering apparatus || ||On using the "Welch" ball bearing scattering apparatus to model the conditions of an experiment in nuclear physics as far as possible. || ||7D50.19 ||alpha scattering || ||Apparatus Drawings Project No. 16: Simple Rutherford scattering using an annular ring of scattering material. The distance from the ring to the detector is varied giving scattering angles from 28 to 71 degrees. || ||7D50.19 ||Rutherford scattering || ||Take data for thirty minutes as a lecture demonstration. || ||7D50.20 ||Rutherford scattering animation || || || ||7D50.20 ||Rutherford scattering animation || ||An animation of alpha particle scattering. || ||7D50.30 ||Thompson model || || || ||7D50.30 ||Thompson model of the atom || ||Vertical needle magnets stuck in corks float in a pan of water surrounded by a coil on the overhead projector. || ||7D50.30 ||the Thompson model || ||Looks like it might be the vertical magnets in a coil apparatus. Reference: H.E.White, Modern College Physics, 5th ed., p 452. || ||7D50.35 ||Thompson vs. Rutherford model || ||An apparatus to randomly shoot steel balls at models of the Thompson or Rutherford atom. || ||7D50.40 ||1/r surface model of nucleus || ||A Lucite 1/r surface with a well and accelerating ramp for ball bearings is used to show repulsion, capture, and ejection. Picture, Construction details in appendix., p.1372. || ||7D50.42 ||short range/long range surface || ||Deform a rubber sheet by boiling water in a test tube and holding it against the rubber sheet so it gets sucked down, then lift the test tube to make a potential barrier. || ||7D50.45 ||electron falls into nucleus || ||A ball rolling in a funnel falls into the middle. || ||7D50.46 ||mass defect || || || ||7D50.46 ||mass defect || || || ||7D50.65 ||chemical heart nucleus model || ||The chemical heart vibrates in various modes giving a crude model of a nucleus. Recipe included. || ||7D50.65 ||mercury ameoba model of the nucleus || ||The mercury amoeba is used to demonstrate vibratory motion analogous to oscillations of an excited nucleus. Reference: AJP 28(6),561. || ||7D50.90 ||scattering x-rays by paraffin || ||A paraffin block is inserted to scatter x-rays into a Geiger counter. || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]