Differences between revisions 2 and 4 (spanning 2 versions)

Kinetic Theory

PIRA classification 4D

Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet.

4D10. Brownian Motion

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4D10.00	Brownian Motion
4D10.10	Brownian motion cell	View a smoke cell under a microscope.
4D10.10	Brownian motion smoke cell on tv	Look through a microscope at a small illuminated cell filled with smoke.
4D10.10	Brownian motion	Observe the motion of particles in a smoke cell through a microscope.
4D10.10	Brownian motion smoke cell	Observe the Brownian motion smoke cell through a low powered microscope.
4D10.10	Brownian motion cell	Observe a small smoke cell through a microscope.
4D10.10	Brownian motion cell	View a smoke cell under a microscope.
4D10.10	brownian motion	A smoke cell is viewed under 100X magnification.
4D10.11	Brownian motion - virtual image	The optical setup for viewing Brownian motion by enlarged virtual image.
4D10.12	Brownian motion	Use a laser beam to illuminate a smoke cell under a microscope viewed with TV
4D10.12	smoke cell	Project the Brownian motion smoke cell with TV Picture.
4D10.13	Brownian motion on tv	Polystyrene microspheres are used in place of the smoke cell, the eyepiece of the microscope is removed and the image is formed on the shielded TV tube.
4D10.13	smoke cell for tv	Modifications to the standard Welch smoke tube for use with television projection.
4D10.14	Brownian motion - light scattering	Pass a laser beam through a cell with a suspension of polystyrene spheres. Hold a card up and show the fluctuations of the scattered light.
4D10.15	Brownian motion - macroscopic cell	Ball bearings hit a piece of stressed plexiglass Crossed Polaroids render the balls invisible.
4D10.20	Brownian motion simulator
4D10.20	Brownian motion simulation	Place many small and a few large balls on a vibrating plate on an overhead projector.
4D10.20	Brownian motion simulation	A large disc is placed in with small ball bearings in the shaker frame on the overhead projector.
4D10.21	Brownian motion simulation	A Brownian motion shaker for the overhead projector. Includes the original references to Brown and Einstein.
4D10.25	Brownian motion simulation	The Cenco kinetic theory apparatus is modified by mounting a baffle in the center of the tube to reduce the spinning of the particles, and suspending a 1 cm bead in one half of the chamber.
4D10.30	colloidal suspension
4D10.30	Brownian motion - colloidal	Place a colloidal metal suspension made by sparking electrodes under water on a microscope slide.
4D10.31	formation of lead carbonate crystals	Project the formation of flat-sided crystals of lead carbonate in a glass cell on a screen. See Sutton, A-50.
4D10.31	rotary Brownian motion	Observe a dilute suspension of flat lead carbonate crystals under low magnification.
4D10.33	Brownian motion in TiO2 suspension	A TV camera looks through a microscope at a water suspension of TiO2.
4D10.34	Brownian motion corridor demo.	Dow latex spheres in water through a 1900 power projection microscope, mechanical analog with a 2" puck and 1/4" ball bearings.
4D10.34	Brownian motion corridor demo.	A corridor demonstration of Brownian motion of Dow latex spheres using a projection 1900 power microscope.
4D10.40	Dow spheres suspension
4D10.40	Brownian motion of a galvanometer	An optical-lever amplifier for studying the Brownian motion of a galvanometer.
4D10.40	Brownian motion with Dow spheres	Small polystyrene spheres made by Dow are suspended in water for illustrating Brownian motion.

4D20. Mean Free Path

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4D20.00	Mean Free Path
4D20.10	Crookes' radiometer	The fake radiometer is evacuated until the mean free path is about the dimension of the system.
4D20.10	Crookes' radiometer	The radiometer spins in the wrong direction.
4D20.10	radiometer	The fake radiometer is evacuated so the mean free path is about the dimension of the system.
4D20.10	radiometer	The radiometer and a lamp.
4D20.11	radiometer analysis	An "elementary" model for the radiometer at the sophomore level.
4D20.11	Crookes' radiometer	When the pressure of the Crookes' radiometer is about 1 mm it works well. Place it near dry ice and it will run backwards.
4D20.12	Crookes' radiometer backwards	Put your radiometer in the refrigerator, also try an interesting liquid N2 demo.
4D20.12	Crookes' radiometer backwards	Use liquid N2 or freon to cool the radiometer so it will run backwards.
4D20.12	Crookes' radiometer backwards	A letter calling attention to the Woodruff (TPT,6,358) article.
4D20.13	heating the radiometer	Heat the glass of the radiometer until it is motionless and as it cools it will run backwards.
4D20.15	calorotor	Vanes rotate in a tube filled with 20 mTorr helium warmed on one end.
4D20.20	mean free path and pressure
4D20.20	mean free path and pressure	Aluminum evaporated in high vacuum forms a shadow of a Maltese cross on the side of the bell jar.
4D20.20	Maltese Cross	Evaporating aluminum atoms plate a bell jar except in the shadow of a Maltese Cross.
4D20.30	mean free path pin board
4D20.30	mean free path pinboard	Steel balls are rolled down a pinboard and the number of collisions is compared with theory.
4D20.31	velocity distribution and path lengt	Take pictures of air table pucks and plot velocity distribution and path length.
4D20.40	Boltzmann distribution model	A set of cusps is formed in a curve with height representing energy levels. The assembly is driven by a shaker.
4D20.45	computer Maxwell-Boltzmann	A FORTRAN program available from the author that shows the evolution of speed distributions.
4D20.46	computer many particle systems	Computer simulations with a billiard table model and a particle moving in a regular array of hard discs.

4D30. Kinetic Motion

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4D30.00	Kinetic Motion
4D30.05	on the meaning of temperature	Many comments on the TPT 28(2),94 article on temperature.
4D30.10	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus
4D30.10	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus	The Cenco apparatus with lead shot in a piston.
4D30.10	mechanical model of kinetic motion	The Cenco molecular motion simulator with lead shot in a piston.
4D30.10	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus	A discussion of the Cenco kinetic theory apparatus.
4D30.11	big kinetic motion apparatus
4D30.11	big kinetic motion apparatus	Scale up the balls in a piston using a 16" diameter tube and 1/2" diameter balls.
4D30.12	mechanical gas model	The details are not clear from this picture of a mechanical gas model.
4D30.13	kinetic theory models	Drive small steel balls in a small chamber with a tuning fork.
4D30.20	molecular motion simulator
4D30.20	molecular motion simulator	Ball bearings on a vibrating plate on the overhead projector.
4D30.20	kinetic theory demonstrator	A 2-D ball shaker for the overhead projector.
4D30.20	two dimensional kinetic motion	Balls on a vibrating plate are used with the overhead projector for many molecular simulations.
4D30.21	equipartition of energy simulator
4D30.21	simple equipartition model	Jostle two different sized marbles by hand in a large tray to show different velocities.
4D30.21	kinetic theory models	A large and small version of balls on a horizontal surface agitated by a hand frame.
4D30.21	equipartition of energy simulation	Use different size balls in the shaker frame on the overhead.
4D30.22	pressure vs. volume simulator
4D30.22	pressure vs. volume simulation	Change the size of the entrained area of the shaker frame on the overhead projector.
4D30.23	free expansion simulation
4D30.23	free expansion simulation	Balls are initially constrained to one half of the shaker frame and then the bar is lifted.
4D30.24	temperature increase simulation
4D30.24	temperature increase simulation	A shaker frame on the overhead projector is shown with different shaking rates.
4D30.25	mechanical shaker	Determine the distribution of velocities produced by an overhead projector shaker. Picture, Diagrams, Construction details in appendix, p.1294.
4D30.26	roller randomizer	Cylindrical rollers in a pentagon configuration produce random motion.
4D30.27	driven steel cage	A motor driven steel cage can be used horizontally or vertically to perform several models of kinetic motion. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p.1295.
4D30.30	hard sphere model	A bouncing plate with balls. The free space ratio is varied giving models of gas through crystal behavior. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p 1292.
4D30.31	speaker shaker	Steel balls in a container on a speaker show both fluid and solid state phenomena.
4D30.32	shaking velcro balls	Attach velcro to spheres and shake. "Bonding" will vary with the vigor of agitation.
4D30.32	air table molecules	Four magnets placed on the Plexiglas discs provide the attraction for many demonstrations of molecular kinetics.
4D30.34	drop formation shaker	A motorized shaker frame in a magnetic field causes steel balls to act like molecules forming drops.
4D30.37	kinetic theory models	A fan propels several hundred small steel balls in a container. Also shows Brownian motion.
4D30.38	kinetic theory models	Compressed air drives ping pong balls in a large container.
4D30.40	glass beads
4D30.40	model for kinetic theory of gases	An evacuated tube containing mercury and some glass chips is heated over a Bunsen burner.
4D30.40	kinetic theory models	Mercury heated in a evacuated glass tube causes glass beads to fly about.
4D30.40	glass beads	Heat an evacuated tube with some mercury and glass chips. An optical projection system is shown.
4D30.40	mercury kinetic theory	Glass chips float on a pool of mercury in an evacuated tube. Heat the mercury and the chips dance in the mercury vapor.
4D30.41	kinetic theory model	Mercury is heated in a large evacuated tube causing pith balls to jump about.
4D30.50	model of kinetic pressure	Balls drop from a funnel onto a pan balance.
4D30.51	dropping shot	Pour lead shot onto the apex of a cone attached to a float. Vary the number and velocity of shot.
4D30.55	stream of dropping balls	Apparatus Drawings Project No. 9: Drop 1/2" balls at a rate of 5/sec 25' onto a massive damped balance and compare deflection with static loading and theory.
4D30.60	flame tube viscosity
4D30.60	dependence of viscosity on temp.	See Fm-4.
4D30.60	dependence of viscosity on temp.	As the tube on one side of a twin burner is heated, the flame becomes smaller.
4D30.60	flame tube viscosity	One leg of a "T" tube is heated resulting in increased viscosity and a smaller flame of illuminating gas.
4D30.60	gas viscosity change with temp	Heat the gas flowing to one of two identical burners and the flame decreases.
4D30.71	viscosity of gas independ. of press.	The velocity of a precision ball falling in a precision tube is independent of pressure as the tube is partially evacuated.
4D30.71	viscosity independent of pressure	See Fm-3.
4D30.72	viscosity and pressure	Oscillations in the quartz fiber radiation pressure apparatus change frequency as it is evacuated.
4D30.75	viscosity independent of pressure	A viscosity damped oscillator is placed into a bell jar and evacuated to various pressures to show viscosity independent of pressure. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p. 1290.

4D40. Molecular Dimensions

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4D40.00	Molecular Dimensions
4D40.10	steric and oleic acid films
4D40.10	stearic and oleic acid films	Films from drops of stearic or oleic acid are measured.
4D40.12	alcohol slick	Place a drop of alcohol at the center of a petri dish containing a thin layer of water.
4D40.13	determination of drop size	A ring proportional to drop size forms when dropped on filter paper.
4D40.15	Avogadro's number	Use a BB's to model a drop spreading on the surface of water, then use oleic acid and do the real thing.
4D40.15	monomolecular layer	A "BB" model and the Oleic acid monomolecular layer. Pictures.
4D40.20	films	Measure gold leaf thickness and show the black of a soap film.

Anchor(DiffusionandOsmosis)

4D50. Diffusion and Osmosis

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
4D50.00	Diffusion & Osmosis
4D50.10	fragrant vapor - ethyl ketone
4D50.15	diffusion model on the overhead	Balls of two different colors are initially separated by a Lucite bar on a vibrating table. Picture, Construction details in appendix, p.1295.
4D50.20	diffusion through porcelain
4D50.20	diffusion through porcelain	Different gases are directed around an unglazed porcelain cup. A "J" tube manometer shows pressure. Diagram.
4D50.20	diffusion	Methane and helium are diffused through a porous clay jar. A glass tube extending down into a jar of water bubbles as an indicator.
4D50.21	diffusion of CO2	When the porcelain cup is surrounded by CO2, water is sucked up the tube.
4D50.22	diffusion and hydrogen	When hydrogen is trapped around a unglazed porcelain cup attached to a tube leading to a beaker of water, it bubbles out; when the trap is removed, water is sucked up the tube.
4D50.30	diffusion in a discharge tube	Mercury is collected in the refrigerated end of a discharge tube containing neon. When the cold end is warmed and ac is applied, the diffusion of mercury can be followed by the spectral change. Also works with a germicidal lamp.
4D50.40	diffusion and pressure	Two 1 L round flasks are joined by a small tube. One is attached to a vacuum pump while the crystals are heated in the other.
4D50.42	diffusion of gases	Hydrogen is allowed to diffuse down in a cylinder into air to form an explosive mixture.
4D50.45	bromine diffusion
4D50.45	diffusion of bromine	Bromine diffuses out of a cylinder into air.
4D50.45	bromine diffusion	Glass tubes containing bromine and bromine/air are cooled in liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm back up to show diffusion.
4D50.46	bromine diffusion	A few drops of bromine are placed in cylinders containing hydrogen and air.
4D50.47	bromine diffusion	Break bromine ampules in air filled and evacuated tubes.
4D50.50	bromine cryophorus
4D50.50	bromine cryophorus	Three different bromine tubes: with air, partial vacuum, and vacuum, are cooled in liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm.
4D50.50	bromine cryophorous	Tubes with bromine and air at different pressures are immersed in a cold trap to show different diffusion rates.
4D50.55	ether vapor before diffusion	Pour ether vapor from a wide mouth bottle into a large beaker suspended from a scale. Shadow projection shows an interface before diffusion starts. Picture.
4D50.60	diffusion in liquids - CuSO4
4D50.60	diffusion of liquids - CuSo4	Concentrated CuSO4 and water diffuse in a cylinder.
4D50.60	diffusion of liquids	A graduate 1/3 full of a saturated solution of copper sulfate and topped with water will show diffusion over time.
4D50.60	diffusion of liquids	A tube 2m long with saturated copper sulfate at the bottom can be displayed for decades.
4D50.62	potassium permanganate in water	Drop potassium permanganate in a dish of water on the overhead projector.
4D50.63	dissolving crystals	How to introduce crystals of potassium chromate or copper sulfate to the bottom of a long tube of water.
4D50.65	diffusion pressure in a bottle	Carbon tetrachloride or lemon oil diffuses out of polystyrene bottles.
4D50.70	permeable membrane
4D50.70	permeable membrane	Place a permeable membrane bag attached to a vertical tube and filled with a sugar solution in water.
4D50.70	permeable membrane	Place a saturated solution of salt or sugar in a thistle tube capped with a permeable membrane and insert into water.
4D50.71	osmotic pressure	Immerse a semipermeable membrane over a thistle tube in a CuSO4 solution.
4D50.72	osmosis	Stick a glass tube into a carrot or beet and put the veggie in water. Water will rise in the tube over several days.
4D50.73	optical osmometer	An optical lever shows bowing of a permeable membrane over the course of a lecture.
4D50.74	measurement of osmotic pressure	Immerse a solution sealed in a semipermeable porcelain cup in pure water and read the pressure with a manometer.
4D50.75	preparation of semi-permeably membra	On forming a copper ferricynide precipitate permeable to water but not dissolved substances.
4D50.80	osmosis simulator
4D50.80	osmosis simulator	A vibrating plate on an overhead has a barrier sized so only one of two diameter ball bearings will pass.
4D50.80	diffusion simulation	A bar across the shaker frame on the overhead projector has a small hole that allows small but not larger balls to pass.

[:Demonstrations:Demonstrations]

[:Instructional:Home]

-  ⇤ ← Revision 2 as of 2009-09-21 17:06:33 → 
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+   ← Revision 4 as of 2012-09-17 18:36:49 → ⇥
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+Additions are marked like this.
 Line 7:
-'''4D10. Brownian Motion'''
+||<#dddddd> Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet.||
 Line 9:
-'''4D20. Mean Free Path'''
+= 4D10. Brownian Motion =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4D10.00	||	Brownian Motion	||		||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion cell	||	View a smoke cell under a microscope.	||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion smoke cell on tv	||	Look through a microscope at a small illuminated cell filled with smoke.	||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion	||	Observe the motion of particles in a smoke cell through a microscope.	||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion smoke cell	||	Observe the Brownian motion smoke cell through a low powered microscope.	||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion cell	||	Observe a small smoke cell through a microscope.	||
||	4D10.10	||	Brownian motion cell	||	View a smoke cell under a microscope.	||
||	4D10.10	||	brownian motion	||	A smoke cell is viewed under 100X magnification.	||
||	4D10.11	||	Brownian motion - virtual image	||	The optical setup for viewing Brownian motion by enlarged virtual image.	||
||	4D10.12	||	Brownian motion	||	Use a laser beam to illuminate a smoke cell under a microscope viewed with TV	||
||	4D10.12	||	smoke cell	||	Project the Brownian motion smoke cell with TV Picture.	||
||	4D10.13	||	Brownian motion on tv	||	Polystyrene microspheres are used in place of the smoke cell, the eyepiece of the microscope is removed and the image is formed on the shielded TV tube.	||
||	4D10.13	||	smoke cell for tv	||	Modifications to the standard Welch smoke tube for use with television projection.	||
||	4D10.14	||	Brownian motion - light scattering	||	Pass a laser beam through a cell with a suspension of polystyrene spheres. Hold a card up and show the fluctuations of the scattered light.	||
||	4D10.15	||	Brownian motion - macroscopic cell	||	Ball bearings hit a piece of stressed plexiglass Crossed Polaroids render the balls invisible.	||
||	4D10.20	||	Brownian motion simulator	||		||
||	4D10.20	||	Brownian motion simulation	||	Place many small and a few large balls on a vibrating plate on an overhead projector.	||
||	4D10.20	||	Brownian motion simulation	||	A large disc is placed in with small ball bearings in the shaker frame on the overhead projector.	||
||	4D10.21	||	Brownian motion simulation	||	A Brownian motion shaker for the overhead projector. Includes the original references to Brown and Einstein.	||
||	4D10.25	||	Brownian motion simulation	||	The Cenco kinetic theory apparatus is modified by mounting a baffle in the center of the tube to reduce the spinning of the particles, and suspending a 1 cm bead in one half of the chamber.	||
||	4D10.30	||	colloidal suspension	||		||
||	4D10.30	||	Brownian motion - colloidal	||	Place a colloidal metal suspension made by sparking electrodes under water on a microscope slide.	||
||	4D10.31	||	formation of lead carbonate crystals	||	Project the formation of flat-sided crystals of lead carbonate in a glass cell on a screen. See Sutton, A-50.	||
||	4D10.31	||	rotary Brownian motion	||	Observe a dilute suspension of flat lead carbonate crystals under low magnification.	||
||	4D10.33	||	Brownian motion in TiO2 suspension	||	A TV camera looks through a microscope at a water suspension of TiO2.	||
||	4D10.34	||	Brownian motion corridor demo.	||	Dow latex spheres in water through a 1900 power projection microscope, mechanical analog with a 2" puck and 1/4" ball bearings.	||
||	4D10.34	||	Brownian motion corridor demo.	||	A corridor demonstration of Brownian motion of Dow latex spheres using a projection 1900 power microscope.	||
||	4D10.40	||	Dow spheres suspension	||		||
||	4D10.40	||	Brownian motion of a galvanometer	||	An optical-lever amplifier for studying the Brownian motion of a galvanometer.	||
||	4D10.40	||	Brownian motion with Dow spheres	||	Small polystyrene spheres made by Dow are suspended in water for illustrating Brownian motion.	||
-Line 11:
+Line 42:
-'''4D30. Kinetic Motion'''
+= 4D20. Mean Free Path =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4D20.00	||	Mean Free Path	||		||
||	4D20.10	||	Crookes' radiometer	||	The fake radiometer is evacuated until the mean free path is about the dimension of the system.	||
||	4D20.10	||	Crookes' radiometer	||	The radiometer spins in the wrong direction.	||
||	4D20.10	||	radiometer	||	The fake radiometer is evacuated so the mean free path is about the dimension of the system.	||
||	4D20.10	||	radiometer	||	The radiometer and a lamp.	||
||	4D20.11	||	radiometer analysis	||	An "elementary" model for the radiometer at the sophomore level.	||
||	4D20.11	||	Crookes' radiometer	||	When the pressure of the Crookes' radiometer is about 1 mm it works well. Place it near dry ice and it will run backwards.	||
||	4D20.12	||	Crookes' radiometer backwards	||	Put your radiometer in the refrigerator, also try an interesting liquid N2 demo.	||
||	4D20.12	||	Crookes' radiometer backwards	||	Use liquid N2 or freon to cool the radiometer so it will run backwards.	||
||	4D20.12	||	Crookes' radiometer backwards	||	A letter calling attention to the Woodruff (TPT,6,358) article.	||
||	4D20.13	||	heating the radiometer	||	Heat the glass of the radiometer until it is motionless and as it cools it will run backwards.	||
||	4D20.15	||	calorotor	||	Vanes rotate in a tube filled with 20 mTorr helium warmed on one end.	||
||	4D20.20	||	mean free path and pressure	||		||
||	4D20.20	||	mean free path and pressure	||	Aluminum evaporated in high vacuum forms a shadow of a Maltese cross on the side of the bell jar.	||
||	4D20.20	||	Maltese Cross	||	Evaporating aluminum atoms plate a bell jar except in the shadow of a Maltese Cross.	||
||	4D20.30	||	mean free path pin board	||		||
||	4D20.30	||	mean free path pinboard	||	Steel balls are rolled down a pinboard and the number of collisions is compared with theory.	||
||	4D20.31	||	velocity distribution and path lengt	||	Take pictures of air table pucks and plot velocity distribution and path length.	||
||	4D20.40	||	Boltzmann distribution model	||	A set of cusps is formed in a curve with height representing energy levels. The assembly is driven by a shaker.	||
||	4D20.45	||	computer Maxwell-Boltzmann	||	A FORTRAN program available from the author that shows the evolution of speed distributions.	||
||	4D20.46	||	computer many particle systems	||	Computer simulations with a billiard table model and a particle moving in a regular array of hard discs.	||
-Line 13:
+Line 66:
-'''4D40. Molecular Dimensions'''
+= 4D30. Kinetic Motion =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4D30.00	||	Kinetic Motion	||		||
||	4D30.05	||	on the meaning of temperature	||	Many comments on the TPT 28(2),94 article on temperature.	||
||	4D30.10	||	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus	||		||
||	4D30.10	||	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus	||	The Cenco apparatus with lead shot in a piston.	||
||	4D30.10	||	mechanical model of kinetic motion	||	The Cenco molecular motion simulator with lead shot in a piston.	||
||	4D30.10	||	Cenco kinetic theory apparatus	||	A discussion of the Cenco kinetic theory apparatus.	||
||	4D30.11	||	big kinetic motion apparatus	||		||
||	4D30.11	||	big kinetic motion apparatus	||	Scale up the balls in a piston using a 16" diameter tube and 1/2" diameter balls.	||
||	4D30.12	||	mechanical gas model	||	The details are not clear from this picture of a mechanical gas model.	||
||	4D30.13	||	kinetic theory models	||	Drive small steel balls in a small chamber with a tuning fork.	||
||	4D30.20	||	molecular motion simulator	||		||
||	4D30.20	||	molecular motion simulator	||	Ball bearings on a vibrating plate on the overhead projector.	||
||	4D30.20	||	kinetic theory demonstrator	||	A 2-D ball shaker for the overhead projector.	||
||	4D30.20	||	two dimensional kinetic motion	||	Balls on a vibrating plate are used with the overhead projector for many molecular simulations.	||
||	4D30.21	||	equipartition of energy simulator	||		||
||	4D30.21	||	simple equipartition model	||	Jostle two different sized marbles by hand in a large tray to show different velocities.	||
||	4D30.21	||	kinetic theory models	||	A large and small version of balls on a horizontal surface agitated by a hand frame.	||
||	4D30.21	||	equipartition of energy simulation	||	Use different size balls in the shaker frame on the overhead.	||
||	4D30.22	||	pressure vs. volume simulator	||		||
||	4D30.22	||	pressure vs. volume simulation	||	Change the size of the entrained area of the shaker frame on the overhead projector.	||
||	4D30.23	||	free expansion simulation	||		||
||	4D30.23	||	free expansion simulation	||	Balls are initially constrained to one half of the shaker frame and then the bar is lifted.	||
||	4D30.24	||	temperature increase simulation	||		||
||	4D30.24	||	temperature increase simulation	||	A shaker frame on the overhead projector is shown with different shaking rates.	||
||	4D30.25	||	mechanical shaker	||	Determine the distribution of velocities produced by an overhead projector shaker. Picture, Diagrams, Construction details in appendix, p.1294.	||
||	4D30.26	||	roller randomizer	||	Cylindrical rollers in a pentagon configuration produce random motion.	||
||	4D30.27	||	driven steel cage	||	A motor driven steel cage can be used horizontally or vertically to perform several models of kinetic motion. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p.1295.	||
||	4D30.30	||	hard sphere model	||	A bouncing plate with balls. The free space ratio is varied giving models of gas through crystal behavior. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p 1292.	||
||	4D30.31	||	speaker shaker	||	Steel balls in a container on a speaker show both fluid and solid state phenomena.	||
||	4D30.32	||	shaking velcro balls	||	Attach velcro to spheres and shake. "Bonding" will vary with the vigor of agitation.	||
||	4D30.32	||	air table molecules	||	Four magnets placed on the Plexiglas discs provide the attraction for many demonstrations of molecular kinetics.	||
||	4D30.34	||	drop formation shaker	||	A motorized shaker frame in a magnetic field causes steel balls to act like molecules forming drops.	||
||	4D30.37	||	kinetic theory models	||	A fan propels several hundred small steel balls in a container. Also shows Brownian motion.	||
||	4D30.38	||	kinetic theory models	||	Compressed air drives ping pong balls in a large container.	||
||	4D30.40	||	glass beads	||		||
||	4D30.40	||	model for kinetic theory of gases	||	An evacuated tube containing mercury and some glass chips is heated over a Bunsen burner.	||
||	4D30.40	||	kinetic theory models	||	Mercury heated in a evacuated glass tube causes glass beads to fly about.	||
||	4D30.40	||	glass beads	||	Heat an evacuated tube with some mercury and glass chips. An optical projection system is shown.	||
||	4D30.40	||	mercury kinetic theory	||	Glass chips float on a pool of mercury in an evacuated tube. Heat the mercury and the chips dance in the mercury vapor.	||
||	4D30.41	||	kinetic theory model	||	Mercury is heated in a large evacuated tube causing pith balls to jump about.	||
||	4D30.50	||	model of kinetic pressure	||	Balls drop from a funnel onto a pan balance.	||
||	4D30.51	||	dropping shot	||	Pour lead shot onto the apex of a cone attached to a float. Vary the number and velocity of shot.	||
||	4D30.55	||	stream of dropping balls	||	Apparatus Drawings Project No. 9: Drop 1/2" balls at a rate of 5/sec 25' onto a massive damped balance and compare deflection with static loading and theory.	||
||	4D30.60	||	flame tube viscosity	||		||
||	4D30.60	||	dependence of viscosity on temp.	||	See Fm-4.	||
||	4D30.60	||	dependence of viscosity on temp.	||	As the tube on one side of a twin burner is heated, the flame becomes smaller.	||
||	4D30.60	||	flame tube viscosity	||	One leg of a "T" tube is heated resulting in increased viscosity and a smaller flame of illuminating gas.	||
||	4D30.60	||	gas viscosity change with temp	||	Heat the gas flowing to one of two identical burners and the flame decreases.	||
||	4D30.71	||	viscosity of gas independ. of press.	||	The velocity of a precision ball falling in a precision tube is independent of pressure as the tube is partially evacuated.	||
||	4D30.71	||	viscosity independent of pressure	||	See Fm-3.	||
||	4D30.72	||	viscosity and pressure	||	Oscillations in the quartz fiber radiation pressure apparatus change frequency as it is evacuated.	||
||	4D30.75	||	viscosity independent of pressure	||	A viscosity damped oscillator is placed into a bell jar and evacuated to various pressures to show viscosity independent of pressure. Pictures, Construction details in appendix, p. 1290.	||
-Line 15:
+Line 121:
-'''4D50. Diffusion and Osmosis'''
+= 4D40. Molecular Dimensions =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4D40.00	||	Molecular Dimensions	||		||
||	4D40.10	||	steric and oleic acid films	||		||
||	4D40.10	||	stearic and oleic acid films	||	Films from drops of stearic or oleic acid are measured.	||
||	4D40.12	||	alcohol slick	||	Place a drop of alcohol at the center of a petri dish containing a thin layer of water.	||
||	4D40.13	||	determination of drop size	||	A ring proportional to drop size forms when dropped on filter paper.	||
||	4D40.15	||	Avogadro's number	||	Use a BB's to model a drop spreading on the surface of water, then use oleic acid and do the real thing.	||
||	4D40.15	||	monomolecular layer	||	A "BB" model and the Oleic acid monomolecular layer. Pictures.	||
||	4D40.20	||	films	||	Measure gold leaf thickness and show the black of a soap film.	||

[[Anchor(DiffusionandOsmosis)]]
= 4D50. Diffusion and Osmosis =
||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||	4D50.00	||	Diffusion & Osmosis	||		||
||	4D50.10	||	fragrant vapor - ethyl ketone	||		||
||	4D50.15	||	diffusion model on the overhead	||	Balls of two different colors are initially separated by a Lucite bar on a vibrating table. Picture, Construction details in appendix, p.1295.	||
||	4D50.20	||	diffusion through porcelain	||		||
||	4D50.20	||	diffusion through porcelain	||	Different gases are directed around an unglazed porcelain cup. A "J" tube manometer shows pressure. Diagram.	||
||	4D50.20	||	diffusion	||	Methane and helium are diffused through a porous clay jar. A glass tube extending down into a jar of water bubbles as an indicator.	||
||	4D50.21	||	diffusion of CO2	||	When the porcelain cup is surrounded by CO2, water is sucked up the tube.	||
||	4D50.22	||	diffusion and hydrogen	||	When hydrogen is trapped around a unglazed porcelain cup attached to a tube leading to a beaker of water, it bubbles out; when the trap is removed, water is sucked up the tube.	||
||	4D50.30	||	diffusion in a discharge tube	||	Mercury is collected in the refrigerated end of a discharge tube containing neon. When the cold end is warmed and ac is applied, the diffusion of mercury can be followed by the spectral change. Also works with a germicidal lamp.	||
||	4D50.40	||	diffusion and pressure	||	Two 1 L round flasks are joined by a small tube. One is attached to a vacuum pump while the crystals are heated in the other.	||
||	4D50.42	||	diffusion of gases	||	Hydrogen is allowed to diffuse down in a cylinder into air to form an explosive mixture.	||
||	4D50.45	||	bromine diffusion	||		||
||	4D50.45	||	diffusion of bromine	||	Bromine diffuses out of a cylinder into air.	||
||	4D50.45	||	bromine diffusion	||	Glass tubes containing bromine and bromine/air are cooled in liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm back up to show diffusion.	||
||	4D50.46	||	bromine diffusion	||	A few drops of bromine are placed in cylinders containing hydrogen and air.	||
||	4D50.47	||	bromine diffusion	||	Break bromine ampules in air filled and evacuated tubes.	||
||	4D50.50	||	bromine cryophorus	||		||
||	4D50.50	||	bromine cryophorus	||	Three different bromine tubes: with air, partial vacuum, and vacuum, are cooled in liquid nitrogen and allowed to warm.	||
||	4D50.50	||	bromine cryophorous	||	Tubes with bromine and air at different pressures are immersed in a cold trap to show different diffusion rates.	||
||	4D50.55	||	ether vapor before diffusion	||	Pour ether vapor from a wide mouth bottle into a large beaker suspended from a scale. Shadow projection shows an interface before diffusion starts. Picture.	||
||	4D50.60	||	diffusion in liquids - CuSO4	||		||
||	4D50.60	||	diffusion of liquids - CuSo4	||	Concentrated CuSO4 and water diffuse in a cylinder.	||
||	4D50.60	||	diffusion of liquids	||	A graduate 1/3 full of a saturated solution of copper sulfate and topped with water will show diffusion over time.	||
||	4D50.60	||	diffusion of liquids	||	A tube 2m long with saturated copper sulfate at the bottom can be displayed for decades.	||
||	4D50.62	||	potassium permanganate in water	||	Drop potassium permanganate in a dish of water on the overhead projector.	||
||	4D50.63	||	dissolving crystals	||	How to introduce crystals of potassium chromate or copper sulfate to the bottom of a long tube of water.	||
||	4D50.65	||	diffusion pressure in a bottle	||	Carbon tetrachloride or lemon oil diffuses out of polystyrene bottles.	||
||	4D50.70	||	permeable membrane	||		||
||	4D50.70	||	permeable membrane	||	Place a permeable membrane bag attached to a vertical tube and filled with a sugar solution in water.	||
||	4D50.70	||	permeable membrane	||	Place a saturated solution of salt or sugar in a thistle tube capped with a permeable membrane and insert into water.	||
||	4D50.71	||	osmotic pressure	||	Immerse a semipermeable membrane over a thistle tube in a CuSO4 solution.	||
||	4D50.72	||	osmosis	||	Stick a glass tube into a carrot or beet and put the veggie in water. Water will rise in the tube over several days.	||
||	4D50.73	||	optical osmometer	||	An optical lever shows bowing of a permeable membrane over the course of a lecture.	||
||	4D50.74	||	measurement of osmotic pressure	||	Immerse a solution sealed in a semipermeable porcelain cup in pure water and read the pressure with a manometer.	||
||	4D50.75	||	preparation of semi-permeably membra	||	On forming a copper ferricynide precipitate permeable to water but not dissolved substances.	||
||	4D50.80	||	osmosis simulator	||		||
||	4D50.80	||	osmosis simulator	||	A vibrating plate on an overhead has a barrier sized so only one of two diameter ball bearings will pass.	||
||	4D50.80	||	diffusion simulation	||	A bar across the shaker frame on the overhead projector has a small hole that allows small but not larger balls to pass.	||