Dynamics of Fluids

PIRA classification 2C

2C10. Flow Rate

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C10.10	velocity of efflux	A tall tube of water has holes top, middle, and bottom. Compare the range of the water streams.
2C10.10	velocity of efflux	One page analysis and some teaching hints.
2C10.10	velocity of efflux	Small holes are drilled top, bottom, and middle of a cylinder of water.
2C10.10	velocity of efflux	A tall reservoir of water with holes at different heights.
2C10.10	velocity of efflux	A bottle has horizontal outlets at three heights.
2C10.10	Toricelli's tank	Water streams from holes at different heights in a vertical glass tube.
2C10.11	Toricelli's tank	Determine the velocity of efflux by the parabolic trajectory method or attach a manometer to the various openings. Holes of different size at the same height show independence of diameter.
2C10.12	Mariotte's flask	A flask with three holes drilled in the side at different heights is filled with water and closed with a stopper fitted with an open glass tube. The flow from the holes changes as the tube is moved up and down.
2C10.20	uniform pressure drop
2C10.20	pressure drop along a line	Open tubes along a drain pipe show pressure drop along a line.
2C10.20	viscosity	A series of small holes in a long 3/4" water pipe shows pressure drop due to friction. Do the same thing with 3/8" gas pipe.
2C10.20	uniform pressure drop	Water flows in a horizontal glass tube with three pressure indicating standpipes fitted with wood floats.
2C10.22	viscosity	Run a water pipe around the lecture hall with pressure gauges at the top and bottom of each side. Show the difference between static and kinetic pressure.
2C10.26	syringe water velocity
2C10.26	syringe water velocity	Squirt water out of a syringe. The water moves faster through the constriction.

2C20. Bernoulli Force

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C20.05	hydrodynamic attraction	Move a small sphere in water and another in close proximity will move due to hydrodynamic attraction. Pictures.
2C20.10	Bernoulli tubes
2C20.10	Bernoulli tubes	Air flows through a restricted tube. Manometers show the pressure differences.
2C20.10	Bernoulli tubes	Air is blown through a constricted tube and the pressure measured with a manometer.
2C20.10	Bernoulli tubes	A series of manometers measures pressure of flowing air at points along a restricted tube.
2C20.10	Bernoulli's principle	Three pressure indicating manometers with bright wood floats are located at and on either side of a constriction in a horizontal tube with water flow.
2C20.15	constriction in pipes	Open vertical pipes show the drop in pressure as water flows through a constriction.
2C20.15	Bernoulli tubes	Vertical tubes show the pressure as water flows along a restricted tube.
2C20.20	atomizer
2C20.20	atomizer	A jet of air is blown across one end of a "U" tube.
2C20.21	aspirator, etc.	Three demos. 1) Water runs through a 1/2 " dia tube constricted to .1". The dissolved water boils in the constriction. 2) Hook a water faucet aspirator to a mercury manometer. 3) Blow one tube across the end of a second vertical tube dipped in water.
2C20.25	pitot tube
2C20.25	pitot tube	A small Pitot tube is constructed from glass.
2C20.25	pitot tube	A pitot tube is connected to a water manometer and the air stream velocity is varied. Graphics.
2C20.26	venturi meter	A manometer measures the pressure difference between the restricted and unrestricted flow in a tube.
2C20.30	floating ball	A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.
2C20.30	floating ball	A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.
2C20.30	floating ball	A ping pong ball is supported on a vertical stream of water, air or steam.
2C20.30	floating ball	Float a ball in an air stream.
2C20.30	floating ball in air jet	A styrofoam ball is suspended in an air jet from a vacuum cleaner.
2C20.31	floating objects	Balls, screwdrivers, etc. float in a jet of air.
2C20.33	oscillating Bernoulli Balls	An air jet keeps two balls at the high edge of semicircular tracks.
2C20.35	funnel and ball	Support a ping pong ball by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.
2C20.35	ball and funnel	Air blowing out an inverted funnel will hold up a ball.
2C20.35	funnel and ball	A ball will stick in the apex of a funnel hooked to an air supply.
2C20.35	ball in a funnel	A ping pong ball is supported by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.
2C20.36	ball in a stream of water
2C20.36	ball in a stream of water	Same as AJP 34(5),445.
2C20.36	ball in a water stream	Drill out a clear plexiglass tube to different diameters, connect water, and show that the ball sits at the change of diameter despite being tipped upside down.
2C20.40	lifting plate	Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.
2C20.40	lifting plate	Air blowing out between two horizontal plates supports a mass.
2C20.40	lifting plate	A stream of air flowing radially between two plates will lift the bottom plate.
2C20.40	suspended plate in air jet	Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.
2C20.41	lifting plate	A pin is stuck through a card and it is inserted into the hole in a wooden spool. Blow in the spool and the card sticks. This can be scaled up if higher air pressure is available.
2C20.41	lifting plate	Blow into a spool and lift a paper with a pin stuck through into the hole in the spool.
2C20.43	spin out the air	When a disc hanging from a spring scale is mounted just above an identical spinning disc, the spring scale will show an increase in force.
2C20.44	coin in cup
2C20.44	blow coin into cup	Place a coin in the table a few inches in front of a coffee cup, give a puff, and the coin jumps into the cup.
2C20.45	attracting sheets
2C20.45	attracting sheets	Blow are between two sheets of aluminum.
2C20.45	attracting sheets	Blow air between two sheets of paper of two large balls and observe the attraction.
2C20.45	suspended parallel cards	Blow an air stream between two parallel cards on bifilar suspensions.
2C20.46	sticking paper flap	A stream of air blown between a paper and a surface will cause the paper to cling to the surface.
2C20.50	airplane wing
2C20.50	airplane wing projection	A small cross section of an airplane wing with manometers at various locations is built into a projector assembly. A vacuum cleaner provides the air source.
2C20.50	wind tunnel	An airplane wing element in a small wind tunnel shows lift.
2C20.50	airplane wing	A balanced model airplane shows lift when a stream of air is directed onto it.
2C20.51	airplane wing	Hold one edge of a sheet of paper horizontally and let the rest hang. Blow across it and watch the sheet rise.
2C20.52	airplane wing	Connect a slant manometer to holes on the top and bottom of an airfoil.
2C20.53	raise the roof	Air blown over a model house raises the roof. Picture.
2C20.54	paper dirigible	A paper loop in an air stream and a falling card.
2C20.54	Rayleigh's disk	A lightweight disk turns perpendicular to the air flow.
2C20.55	straight boomerang	Make a light straight boomerang from balsa. The theory is different from the usual one.
2C20.55	boomerang flight	An article explaining boomerang flight along with directions for throwing and building one.
2C20.56	fly wing mechanism	How to build a working model of Pringle's fly wing mechanism.
2C20.57	flying umbrella	A motor mounted inside an umbrella is attached to a centrifugal fan mounted above the umbrella pulling air through a hole in the top so it flows down over the side. Develops a few oz of lift.
2C20.58	dropping wing sections	A folded index card, a paper pyramid, or a paper cone are stable when dropped apex down.
2C20.59	explaining lift	Explain lift based on repulsive forces.
2C20.59	aerodynamic lifting force explained	An article explaining that the longer path length does not cause lift.
2C20.59	aerodynamic lifting force	Lift is explained as a reaction force of the airstream pushed down by the airfoil. Several demonstrations are shown.
2C20.60	curve ball	Use a "V" shaped launcher to throw curve balls.
2C20.60	curve ball	A sandpaper covered wood track helps give a ball lots of spin.
2C20.60	curve ball	Throw a 3" polystyrene ball with a "V" shaped launcher lined with emery cloth.
2C20.60	curved ball trajectory	A ping pong ball is thrown with a sandpaper covered paddle.
2C20.60	curve ball	A "V" shaped launcher lined with styrofoam is used to launch curved balls.
2C20.60	autorotation	A half round stick used as a propeller will rotate in either direction given a start.
2C20.60	curve ball	A mailing tube lined with sandpaper helps give spin while throwing curve balls.
2C20.60	curve balls	Throw a styrofoam ball with a throwing tube. Animation.
2C20.61	spinning ball	Direct a high speed stream of air at a ball spinning on a rotating rod free to pivot perpendicular to the air stream. Pictures.
2C20.62	spinning ball device	A device to spin and throw a ping pong ball. Diagrams and details.
2C20.70	Bjerknes' tube
2C20.70	mailing tube	Cloth webbing wrapped around a mailing tube is jerked out causing the tube to spin through a loop the loop motion.
2C20.70	bernoulli loop the loop	Pulling a cord wrapped around a mailing tube spins it into a loop the loop path.
2C20.70	Bjerknes' tube	Wrap three feet of cloth tape around the middle of a mailing tube and give a jerk. The tube does a loop-the-loop.
2C20.72	bernoulli cups	Glue the rims of two styrofoam cups together and launch by letting them roll off the fingers while throwing. Four glued together works better.
2C20.75	Bernoulli pen barrel
2C20.75	pen barrel bernoulli	Remove the filler from a ball point pen, place under your thumbs at the edge of the lecture bench. Pop the barrel out from under your thumbs giving it lots of spin.
2C20.80	Flettner rotator
2C20.80	Flettner rotor ship on air track	An aluminum can spun with a battery operated motor (and reversing switch) is mounted on an air track cart. A vacuum cleaner exhaust provides the cross wind.
2C20.80	Flettner rotator	Direct an air stream at a rotating vertical cylinder on a light car. The car will move at right angles to the air stream.
2C20.80	Flettner rotator	A car with a spinning styrofoam cylinder moves perpendicular to an air stream. Animation.
2C20.85	Magnus effect	Construction details for a very light cylinder and a method of spinning and releasing. Diagram. ALSO - Vertical motorized cylinder on a cart.

2C30. Viscosity

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C30.10	viscosity disc	A horizontal disc is hung on a single thread and a second disc is spun below it causing deflection.
2C30.11	viscosity disc	A disc is spun between two parallel plates of a platform balance and the deflection is noted.
2C30.12	viscosity disc	A metal sheet and a disc are mounted parallel in a container of fluid. Rotate the disc and observe the displacement of the sheet by projection.
2C30.13	viscosity - viscosimeter	Coaxial cylinders are separated by a fluid. As the outer cylinder is rotated, the drag induced motion of the inner cylinder is observed by optical lever magnification.
2C30.15	pulling an aluminum plate	Use a string and pulley to a mass to pull an aluminum plate out of a viscous fluid ( GE Silicone Fluid, SF-96/10,000).
2C30.20	viscocity in capillary	A Mariotte flask with a capillary out on the bottom permits varying the pressure at cm of water.
2C30.25	viscosity of oil
2C30.25	viscosity of oil	Invert several sealed tubes filled with oil. Air bubbles rise.
2C30.25	oil viscosity	Quickly invert tubes of oil and watch the bubbles rise to the top.
2C30.30	temperature and viscosity	Tubes filled with motor oil and silicone oil are inverted at room temperature and after cooling with dry ice/alcohol.
2C30.30	viscosity and temperature	Rotate a cylinder of castor oil in a water bath on a turntable. Heated from 5-40 C, the viscosity falls 15:1.
2C30.45	terminal velocity - drop balls	Precision ball in a precision tube.
2C30.50	terminal velocity in water, glycerin
2C30.50	terminal velocity in water, glycerin	Drop balls in large 1 meter test tubes, one filled with water, the other with glycerine.
2C30.50	terminal velocity - drop balls	A steel ball is dropped into a graduate filled with oil.
2C30.50	viscous drag	Steel, glass, and lead balls are dropped in a tall cylinder filled with glycerine.
2C30.51	terminal velocity - diameter	Steel balls of different diameters are dropped in glycerine.
2C30.52	terminal velocity - diameter	Three steel balls of different diameters are sealed in a 4' tube. Illuminate with a lamp at the bottom.
2C30.53	terminal velocity - specific gravity	Four balls of the same diameter with carefully adjusted specific gravity are dropped in glycerine.
2C30.55	ball drop
2C30.55	terminal velocity - styrofoam ball	A 2" dia. styrofoam ball reaches terminal velocity in 5 1/2 m.
2C30.55	ball drop	Several balls including styrofoam balls of three diameters are dropped four meters. Use stop frame and take data.
2C30.56	terminal velocity - dylite beads	Dylite beads reach terminal velocity quickly in water, and when expanded by heating in boiling water, are also useful in air.
2C30.60	terminal velocity - styrofoam
C30.60	terminal velocity - styrofoam	Drop styrofoam half round packing pieces.
2C30.65	terminal velocity coffee filters
2C30.65	terminal velocity coffee filters	Drop a coffee filter and it descends with low terminal velocity. Crumple one and drop it.
2C30.65	air friction	Drop crumpled and flat sheets of paper.

2C40. Turbulent and Streamline Flow

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C40.01	swimming bacteria	A transcription of an interesting talk about the world of low Reynolds number.
2C40.10	streamline flow
2C40.10	streamline flow	The Cenco streamline flow apparatus.
2C40.10	streamline and turbulent flow	A simple streamline apparatus for use on the overhead projector that uses a ganged syringe ink source.
2C40.10	streamline flow	A commercial apparatus to show flow around objects in projection cells.
2C40.11	streamline flow	Directions for construction a streamline flow apparatus that uses several potassium permanganate tracers.
2C40.12	streamlines	a simple gravity streamline apparatus.
2C40.14	streamlines on the overhead	Flow is shown between two glass plates from a source point to a collection point. Dilute NaOH passes a ring of phenophthalein beads around the source generating colored trails.
2C40.14	inverse square law patterns	Inverse-square-law field patterns are illustrated by dyed streamlines of water flowing between two glass plates. Construction details in appendix, p. 620.
2C40.16	dry ice fog	Some dry ice in a flask of warm water will produce a jet of fog that can be used with a fan to show the effects of various objects on air flow.
2C40.17	streamline design	The effect of moving air on a disc and streamlined object of the same cross section is demonstrated.
2C40.18	fluid mappers	Several types of fluid mappers. Pictures and diagrams. Construction details in appendix, p. 614.
2C40.20	streamline flow - blow out candle	Place a lighted candle on one side of a beaker and blow on the other side to put out the candle.
2C40.21	streamline flow - blow out candle	A technique to blow a card over using upward curling streamlines.
2C40.25	Poiseuille flow
2C40.25	Poiseuille flow	Colored glycerine is placed on top of clear glycerine in a square cross sectioned tube and a stopcock is opened at the bottom to adjust flow.
2C40.25	streamline flow	Watch the interface between clear oil on the bottom of a glass tube and colored oil on top as oil is drawn off the bottom.
2C40.30	vena contracta	As a liquid emerges vertically downward, its jet contracts in diameter.
2C40.50	laminar and turbulent flow
2C40.50	laminar and turbulent flow	An ink jet is introduced at different rates into a tube of flowing water.
2C40.50	turbulent flow	The velocity of a stream of ink is varied in smoothly flowing water.
2C40.51	Reynold's number	A tapered nozzle introduces tracer fluid into a tube at the bottom of a reservoir.
2C40.51	Reynold's number	A device for varying the flow in a tube and introducing a tracer into the flow. Several hints. Reference: AJP 28(2),165.
2C40.52	Reynold's number	A funnel feeds methylene blue into a vertical tube with adjustable water flow.
2C40.52	Reynolds' number	Water with potassium permanganate flows through a vertical tube. Flow is varied and rate is determined by timing 1 liter.
2C40.53	Reynolds' number	The flow rate in a long thin brass tube is adjusted until spitting starts. Flow rate is determined by collecting water for a given time.
2C40.60	laminar and turbulent flow	Shadow project rising warm air flowing around objects.
2C40.61	streamline vs. turbulent flow	Drop a ball into a viscous liquid or water. Shadow project a hot iron ball in slowly or rapidly moving air.
2C40.63	laminar and turbulent flow	The Krebs apparatus is used to show flow of water around objects.
2C40.71	laminar & turbulent flow	A discussion of the various types of friction involving the air track.
2C40.73	stero shadowgraph	On viewing fluid flow with stereo shadowgraphs.
2C40.80	weather maps	Daily weather maps show large scale fluid dynamics.
2C40.90	Rayleigh-Taylor instability in Prell	A air bubble rising in a tube of Prell shampoo demonstrates Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Other examples are given.

2C50. Vortices

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C50.10	smoke ring	Tap smoke rings out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.
2C50.10	smoke ring	Smoke rings are tapped out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.
2C50.10	vortex rings	Tap smoke rings out of a can with a rubber diaphragm on one end and a hole in the other.
2C50.11	smoke rings with LP gas	A rubber sheet at the back on a large wooden box is struck with a hammer to produce smoke rings capable of knocking over a plate. Fuming HCL and conc. ammonia produce the smoke.
2C50.12	vortex box	A 15 inch square, 4 inch deep vortex box with a 4 inch diameter hole.
2C50.15	vortex cannon
2C50.15	vortex cannon	Use a large barrel to generate a smoke ring. Blow out a candle with the vortex. Animation.
2C50.20	liquid vortices
2C50.20		liquid vortices	A drop of inky water is allowed to form on a medicine dropper 1" above a beaker of water. This height is critical. The vortex will rebound if the beaker is less than 4" deep.
2C50.21	ring vortices on liquid	Bursts of colored water are expelled from a glass tube in a beaker of water. Also a drop of aniline sinks in a beaker of water.
2C50.22	semicircular vortex in water	A skill demonstration. Use a small paddle to form vortices in a small dish on the overhead projector.
2C50.23	detergent vortex	A few drops of detergent in a jar of water are shaken and given a twist to form a vortex lasting several seconds.
2C50.25	whirlpool	Water is introduced tangentially into a cylinder with a hole in the bottom.
2C50.30	tornado tube
2C50.30	tornado tube
2C50.30	tornado vortex	A vortex forms in a large cylinder on a magnetic stirrer.
2C50.30	tornado tube	Couple two soft drink bottles with the commercial tornado tube coupler and spin the top bottle so the water forms a vortex as it drains into the bottom bottle.
2C50.35	flame tornado
2C50.35	paraboloids and vortices	A transparent cylinder is rotated at speeds up to 1000 RPM.
2C50.40	growing a large drop	A vortex is formed in an air stream allowing one to form a large water drop.

2C60. Non Newtonian Fluids

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Abstract
2C60.10	fluidization	A bed of silica powder acts like a fluid when air is forced through it. Diagram.
2C60.20	density balls in beans
2C60.20	rising stones	Rising of rocks in the spring is the same as the sifting of fine particles to the bottom of a cereal box.
2C60.20	density balls in beans	A png pong ball in the middle of a beaker of beans will rise when the beaker is shaken.
2C60.22	Beans	The size of an aluminum ball determines whether it goes up or down in a shaking bowl of beans.
2C60.30	cornstarch
2C60.30	cornstarch	Add water to cornstarch until it is goo. Pour it, throw it, punch it.
2C60.35	slime ball
2C60.35	slime ball	A commercial product "Slime" flows like a liquid under normal conditions but bounces on impact.
2C60.40	silly putty
2C60.40	silly putty
2C60.50	fluids vs. solids	Asphalt splinters when smashed but flows gradually, sand flows when poured but remains in a conical pile.
2C60.55	ketchup uzi
2C60.55	ketchup uzi	Fill a super soaker with ketchup. Shoot it across the room and it blobs on the wall.

[:Demonstrations:Demonstrations]

[:Instructional:Home]

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+||2C10.10||	velocity of efflux||	A tall tube of water has holes top, middle, and bottom. Compare the range of the water streams.||
||2C10.10||	velocity of efflux||	One page analysis and some teaching hints.||
||2C10.10||	velocity of efflux||	Small holes are drilled top, bottom, and middle of a cylinder of water.||
||2C10.10||	velocity of efflux||	A tall reservoir of water with holes at different heights.||
||2C10.10||	velocity of efflux||	A bottle has horizontal outlets at three heights.||
||2C10.10||	Toricelli's tank||	Water streams from holes at different heights in a vertical glass tube.||
||2C10.11||	Toricelli's tank||	Determine the velocity of efflux by the parabolic trajectory method or attach a manometer to the various openings. Holes of different size at the same height show independence of diameter.||
||2C10.12||	Mariotte's flask||	A flask with three holes drilled in the side at different heights is filled with water and closed with a stopper fitted with an open glass tube. The flow from the holes changes as the tube is moved up and down.||
||2C10.20||	uniform pressure drop||	||
||2C10.20||	pressure drop along a line||	Open tubes along a drain pipe show pressure drop along a line.||
||2C10.20||	viscosity||	A series of small holes in a long 3/4" water pipe shows pressure drop due to friction. Do the same thing with 3/8" gas pipe.||
||2C10.20||	uniform pressure drop||	Water flows in a horizontal glass tube with three pressure indicating standpipes fitted with wood floats.||
||2C10.22||	viscosity||	Run a water pipe around the lecture hall with pressure gauges at the top and bottom of each side. Show the difference between static and kinetic pressure.||
||2C10.26||	syringe water velocity||	||
||2C10.26||	syringe water velocity||	Squirt water out of a syringe. The water moves faster through the constriction.||
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+||2C20.05||	hydrodynamic attraction||	Move a small sphere in water and another in close proximity will move due to hydrodynamic attraction. Pictures.||
||2C20.10||	Bernoulli tubes||	||
||2C20.10||	Bernoulli tubes||	Air flows through a restricted tube. Manometers show the pressure differences.||
||2C20.10||	Bernoulli tubes||	Air is blown through a constricted tube and the pressure measured with a manometer.||
||2C20.10||	Bernoulli tubes||	A series of manometers measures pressure of flowing air at points along a restricted tube.||
||2C20.10||	Bernoulli's principle||	Three pressure indicating manometers with bright wood floats are located at and on either side of a constriction in a horizontal tube with water flow.||
||2C20.15||	constriction in pipes||	Open vertical pipes show the drop in pressure as water flows through a constriction.||
||2C20.15||	Bernoulli tubes||	Vertical tubes show the pressure as water flows along a restricted tube.||
||2C20.20||	atomizer||	||
||2C20.20||	atomizer||	A jet of air is blown across one end of a "U" tube.||
||2C20.21||	aspirator, etc.||	Three demos. 1) Water runs through a 1/2 " dia tube constricted to .1". The dissolved water boils in the constriction. 2) Hook a water faucet aspirator to a mercury manometer. 3) Blow one tube across the end of a second vertical tube dipped in water.||
||2C20.25||	pitot tube||	||
||2C20.25||	pitot tube||	A small Pitot tube is constructed from glass.||
||2C20.25||	pitot tube||	A pitot tube is connected to a water manometer and the air stream velocity is varied. Graphics.||
||2C20.26||	venturi meter||	A manometer measures the pressure difference between the restricted and unrestricted flow in a tube.||
||2C20.30||	floating ball||	A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.||
||2C20.30||	floating ball||	A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.||
||2C20.30||	floating ball||	A ping pong ball is supported on a vertical stream of water, air or steam.||
||2C20.30||	floating ball||	Float a ball in an air stream.||
||2C20.30||	floating ball in air jet||	A styrofoam ball is suspended in an air jet from a vacuum cleaner.||
||2C20.31||	floating objects||	Balls, screwdrivers, etc. float in a jet of air.||
||2C20.33||	oscillating Bernoulli Balls||	An air jet keeps two balls at the high edge of semicircular tracks.||
||2C20.35||	funnel and ball||	Support a ping pong ball by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.||
||2C20.35||	ball and funnel||	Air blowing out an inverted funnel will hold up a ball.||
||2C20.35||	funnel and ball||	A ball will stick in the apex of a funnel hooked to an air supply.||
||2C20.35||	ball in a funnel||	A ping pong ball is supported by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.||
||2C20.36||	ball in a stream of water||	||
||2C20.36||	ball in a stream of water||	Same as AJP 34(5),445.||
||2C20.36||	ball in a water stream||	Drill out a clear plexiglass tube to different diameters, connect water, and show that the ball sits at the change of diameter despite being tipped upside down.||
||2C20.40||	lifting plate||	Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.||
||2C20.40||	lifting plate||	Air blowing out between two horizontal plates supports a mass.||
||2C20.40||	lifting plate||	A stream of air flowing radially between two plates will lift the bottom plate.||
||2C20.40||	suspended plate in air jet||	Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.||
||2C20.41||	lifting plate||	A pin is stuck through a card and it is inserted into the hole in a wooden spool. Blow in the spool and the card sticks. This can be scaled up if higher air pressure is available.||
||2C20.41||	lifting plate||	Blow into a spool and lift a paper with a pin stuck through into the hole in the spool.||
||2C20.43||	spin out the air||	When a disc hanging from a spring scale is mounted just above an identical spinning disc, the spring scale will show an increase in force.||
||2C20.44||	coin in cup||	||
||2C20.44||	blow coin into cup||	Place a coin in the table a few inches in front of a coffee cup, give a puff, and the coin jumps into the cup.||
||2C20.45||	attracting sheets||	||
||2C20.45||	attracting sheets||	Blow are between two sheets of aluminum.||
||2C20.45||	attracting sheets||	Blow air between two sheets of paper of two large balls and observe the attraction.||
||2C20.45||	suspended parallel cards||	Blow an air stream between two parallel cards on bifilar suspensions.||
||2C20.46||	sticking paper flap||	A stream of air blown between a paper and a surface will cause the paper to cling to the surface.||
||2C20.50||	airplane wing||	||
||2C20.50||	airplane wing projection||	A small cross section of an airplane wing with manometers at various locations is built into a projector assembly. A vacuum cleaner provides the air source.||
||2C20.50||	wind tunnel||	An airplane wing element in a small wind tunnel shows lift.||
||2C20.50||	airplane wing||	A balanced model airplane shows lift when a stream of air is directed onto it.||
||2C20.51||	airplane wing||	Hold one edge of a sheet of paper horizontally and let the rest hang. Blow across it and watch the sheet rise.||
||2C20.52||	airplane wing||	Connect a slant manometer to holes on the top and bottom of an airfoil.||
||2C20.53||	raise the roof||	Air blown over a model house raises the roof. Picture.||
||2C20.54||	paper dirigible||	A paper loop in an air stream and a falling card.||
||2C20.54||	Rayleigh's disk||	A lightweight disk turns perpendicular to the air flow.||
||2C20.55||	straight boomerang||	Make a light straight boomerang from balsa. The theory is different from the usual one.||
||2C20.55||	boomerang flight||	An article explaining boomerang flight along with directions for throwing and building one.||
||2C20.56||	fly wing mechanism||	How to build a working model of Pringle's fly wing mechanism.||
||2C20.57||	flying umbrella||	A motor mounted inside an umbrella is attached to a centrifugal fan mounted above the umbrella pulling air through a hole in the top so it flows down over the side. Develops a few oz of lift.||
||2C20.58||	dropping wing sections||	A folded index card, a paper pyramid, or a paper cone are stable when dropped apex down.||
||2C20.59||	explaining lift||	Explain lift based on repulsive forces.||
||2C20.59||	aerodynamic lifting force explained||	An article explaining that the longer path length does not cause lift.||
||2C20.59||	aerodynamic lifting force||	Lift is explained as a reaction force of the airstream pushed down by the airfoil. Several demonstrations are shown.||
||2C20.60||	curve ball||	Use a "V" shaped launcher to throw curve balls.||
||2C20.60||	curve ball||	A sandpaper covered wood track helps give a ball lots of spin.||
||2C20.60||	curve ball||	Throw a 3" polystyrene ball with a "V" shaped launcher lined with emery cloth.||
||2C20.60||	curved ball trajectory||	A ping pong ball is thrown with a sandpaper covered paddle.||
||2C20.60||	curve ball||	A "V" shaped launcher lined with styrofoam is used to launch curved balls.||
||2C20.60||	autorotation||	A half round stick used as a propeller will rotate in either direction given a start.||
||2C20.60||	curve ball||	A mailing tube lined with sandpaper helps give spin while throwing curve balls.||
||2C20.60||	curve balls||	Throw a styrofoam ball with a throwing tube. Animation.||
||2C20.61||	spinning ball||	Direct a high speed stream of air at a ball spinning on a rotating rod free to pivot perpendicular to the air stream. Pictures.||
||2C20.62||	spinning ball device||	A device to spin and throw a ping pong ball. Diagrams and details.||
||2C20.70||	Bjerknes' tube||	||
||2C20.70||	mailing tube||	Cloth webbing wrapped around a mailing tube is jerked out causing the tube to spin through a loop the loop motion.||
||2C20.70||	bernoulli loop the loop||	Pulling a cord wrapped around a mailing tube spins it into a loop the loop path.||
||2C20.70||	Bjerknes' tube||	Wrap three feet of cloth tape around the middle of a mailing tube and give a jerk. The tube does a loop-the-loop.||
||2C20.72||	bernoulli cups||	Glue the rims of two styrofoam cups together and launch by letting them roll off the fingers while throwing. Four glued together works better.||
||2C20.75||	Bernoulli pen barrel||	||
||2C20.75||	pen barrel bernoulli||	Remove the filler from a ball point pen, place under your thumbs at the edge of the lecture bench. Pop the barrel out from under your thumbs giving it lots of spin.||
||2C20.80||	Flettner rotator||	||
||2C20.80||	Flettner rotor ship on air track||	An aluminum can spun with a battery operated motor (and reversing switch) is mounted on an air track cart. A vacuum cleaner exhaust provides the cross wind.||
||2C20.80||	Flettner rotator||	Direct an air stream at a rotating vertical cylinder on a light car. The car will move at right angles to the air stream.||
||2C20.80||	Flettner rotator||	A car with a spinning styrofoam cylinder moves perpendicular to an air stream. Animation.||
||2C20.85||	Magnus effect||	Construction details for a very light cylinder and a method of spinning and releasing. Diagram. ALSO - Vertical motorized cylinder on a cart.||
-Line 18:
+Line 119:
+||2C30.10||	viscosity disc|| A horizontal disc is hung on a single thread and a second disc is spun below it causing deflection.||
||2C30.11||	viscosity disc||	A disc is spun between two parallel plates of a platform balance and the deflection is noted.||
||2C30.12||	viscosity disc||	A metal sheet and a disc are mounted parallel in a container of fluid. Rotate the disc and observe the displacement of the sheet by projection.||
||2C30.13||	viscosity - viscosimeter||	Coaxial cylinders are separated by a fluid. As the outer cylinder is rotated, the drag induced motion of the inner cylinder is observed by optical lever magnification.||
||2C30.15||	pulling an aluminum plate||	Use a string and pulley to a mass to pull an aluminum plate out of a viscous fluid ( GE Silicone Fluid, SF-96/10,000).||
||2C30.20||	viscocity in capillary||	A Mariotte flask with a capillary out on the bottom permits varying the pressure at cm of water.||
||2C30.25||	viscosity of oil||	||
||2C30.25||	viscosity of oil||	Invert several sealed tubes filled with oil. Air bubbles rise.||
||2C30.25||	oil viscosity||	Quickly invert tubes of oil and watch the bubbles rise to the top.||
||2C30.30||	temperature and viscosity||	Tubes filled with motor oil and silicone oil are inverted at room temperature and after cooling with dry ice/alcohol.||
||2C30.30||	viscosity and temperature||	Rotate a cylinder of castor oil in a water bath on a turntable. Heated from 5-40 C, the viscosity falls 15:1.||
||2C30.45||	terminal velocity - drop balls||	Precision ball in a precision tube.||
||2C30.50||	terminal velocity in water, glycerin||	||
||2C30.50||	terminal velocity in water, glycerin||	Drop balls in large 1 meter test tubes, one filled with water, the other with glycerine.||
||2C30.50||	terminal velocity - drop balls||	A steel ball is dropped into a graduate filled with oil.||
||2C30.50||	viscous drag||	Steel, glass, and lead balls are dropped in a tall cylinder filled with glycerine.||
||2C30.51||	terminal velocity - diameter||	Steel balls of different diameters are dropped in glycerine.||
||2C30.52||	terminal velocity - diameter||	Three steel balls of different diameters are sealed in a 4' tube. Illuminate with a lamp at the bottom.||
||2C30.53||	terminal velocity - specific gravity||	Four balls of the same diameter with carefully adjusted specific gravity are dropped in glycerine.||
||2C30.55||	ball drop||	||
||2C30.55||	terminal velocity - styrofoam ball||	A 2" dia. styrofoam ball reaches terminal velocity in 5 1/2 m.||
||2C30.55||	ball drop||	Several balls including styrofoam balls of three diameters are dropped four meters. Use stop frame and take data.||
||2C30.56||	terminal velocity - dylite beads||	Dylite beads reach terminal velocity quickly in water, and when expanded by heating in boiling water, are also useful in air.||
||2C30.60||	terminal velocity - styrofoam||	||
||C30.60||	terminal velocity - styrofoam||	Drop styrofoam half round packing pieces.||
||2C30.65||	terminal velocity coffee filters||	||
||2C30.65||	terminal velocity coffee filters||	Drop a coffee filter and it descends with low terminal velocity. Crumple one and drop it.||
||2C30.65||	air friction||	Drop crumpled and flat sheets of paper.||
-Line 22:
+Line 152:
+||2C40.01||	swimming bacteria||	A transcription of an interesting talk about the world of low Reynolds number.||
||2C40.10||	streamline flow||	||
||2C40.10||	streamline flow||	The Cenco streamline flow apparatus.||
||2C40.10||	streamline and turbulent flow||	A simple streamline apparatus for use on the overhead projector that uses a ganged syringe ink source.||
||2C40.10||	streamline flow||	A commercial apparatus to show flow around objects in projection cells.||
||2C40.11||	streamline flow||	Directions for construction a streamline flow apparatus that uses several potassium permanganate tracers.||
||2C40.12||	streamlines||	a simple gravity streamline apparatus.||
||2C40.14||	streamlines on the overhead||	Flow is shown between two glass plates from a source point to a collection point. Dilute NaOH passes a ring of phenophthalein beads around the source generating colored trails.||
||2C40.14||	inverse square law patterns||	Inverse-square-law field patterns are illustrated by dyed streamlines of water flowing between two glass plates. Construction details in appendix, p. 620.||
||2C40.16||	dry ice fog||	Some dry ice in a flask of warm water will produce a jet of fog that can be used with a fan to show the effects of various objects on air flow.||
||2C40.17||	streamline design||	The effect of moving air on a disc and streamlined object of the same cross section is demonstrated.||
||2C40.18||	fluid mappers||	Several types of fluid mappers. Pictures and diagrams. Construction details in appendix, p. 614.||
||2C40.20||	streamline flow - blow out candle||	Place a lighted candle on one side of a beaker and blow on the other side to put out the candle.||
||2C40.21||	streamline flow - blow out candle||	A technique to blow a card over using upward curling streamlines.||
||2C40.25||	Poiseuille flow||  ||
||2C40.25||	Poiseuille flow||	Colored glycerine is placed on top of clear glycerine in a square cross sectioned tube and a stopcock is opened at the bottom to adjust flow.||
||2C40.25||	streamline flow||	Watch the interface between clear oil on the bottom of a glass tube and colored oil on top as oil is drawn off the bottom.||
||2C40.30||	vena contracta||	As a liquid emerges vertically downward, its jet contracts in diameter.||
||2C40.50||	laminar and turbulent flow||	||
||2C40.50||	laminar and turbulent flow||	An ink jet is introduced at different rates into a tube of flowing water.||
||2C40.50||	turbulent flow||	The velocity of a stream of ink is varied in smoothly flowing water.||
||2C40.51||	Reynold's number||	A tapered nozzle introduces tracer fluid into a tube at the bottom of a reservoir.||
||2C40.51||	Reynold's number||	A device for varying the flow in a tube and introducing a tracer into the flow. Several hints. Reference: AJP 28(2),165.||
||2C40.52||	Reynold's number||	A funnel feeds methylene blue into a vertical tube with adjustable water flow.||
||2C40.52||	Reynolds' number||	Water with potassium permanganate flows through a vertical tube. Flow is varied and rate is determined by timing 1 liter.||
||2C40.53||	Reynolds' number||	The flow rate in a long thin brass tube is adjusted until spitting starts. Flow rate is determined by collecting water for a given time.||
||2C40.60||	laminar and turbulent flow||	Shadow project rising warm air flowing around objects.||
||2C40.61||	streamline vs. turbulent flow||	Drop a ball into a viscous liquid or water. Shadow project a hot iron ball in slowly or rapidly moving air.||
||2C40.63||	laminar and turbulent flow||	The Krebs apparatus is used to show flow of water around objects.||
||2C40.71||	laminar & turbulent flow||	A discussion of the various types of friction involving the air track.||
||2C40.73||	stero shadowgraph||	On viewing fluid flow with stereo shadowgraphs.||
||2C40.80||	weather maps||	Daily weather maps show large scale fluid dynamics.||
||2C40.90||	Rayleigh-Taylor instability in Prell||	A air bubble rising in a tube of Prell shampoo demonstrates Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Other examples are given.||
-Line 26:
+Line 190:
+||2C50.10||	smoke ring||	Tap smoke rings out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.||
||2C50.10||	smoke ring||	Smoke rings are tapped out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.||
||2C50.10||	vortex rings||	Tap smoke rings out of a can with a rubber diaphragm on one end and a hole in the other.||
||2C50.11||	smoke rings with LP gas||	A rubber sheet at the back on a large wooden box is struck with a hammer to produce smoke rings capable of knocking over a plate. Fuming HCL and conc. ammonia produce the smoke.||
||2C50.12||	vortex box||	A 15 inch square, 4 inch deep vortex box with a 4 inch diameter hole.||
||2C50.15||	vortex cannon||	||
||2C50.15||	vortex cannon||	Use a large barrel to generate a smoke ring. Blow out a candle with the vortex. Animation.||
||2C50.20||	liquid vortices||	||
||2C50.20||	||liquid vortices||	A drop of inky water is allowed to form on a medicine dropper 1" above a beaker of water. This height is critical. The vortex will rebound if the beaker is less than 4" deep.||
||2C50.21||	ring vortices on liquid||	Bursts of colored water are expelled from a glass tube in a beaker of water. Also a drop of aniline sinks in a beaker of water.||
||2C50.22||	semicircular vortex in water||	A skill demonstration. Use a small paddle to form vortices in a small dish on the overhead projector.||
||2C50.23||	detergent vortex||	A few drops of detergent in a jar of water are shaken and given a twist to form a vortex lasting several seconds.||
||2C50.25||	whirlpool||	Water is introduced tangentially into a cylinder with a hole in the bottom.||
||2C50.30||	tornado tube||	||
||2C50.30||	tornado tube||	||
||2C50.30||	tornado vortex||	A vortex forms in a large cylinder on a magnetic stirrer.||
||2C50.30||	tornado tube||	Couple two soft drink bottles with the commercial tornado tube coupler and spin the top bottle so the water forms a vortex as it drains into the bottom bottle.||
||2C50.35||	flame tornado||	||
||2C50.35||	paraboloids and vortices||	A transparent cylinder is rotated at speeds up to 1000 RPM.||
||2C50.40||	growing a large drop||	A vortex is formed in an air stream allowing one to form a large water drop.||
-Line 30:
+Line 215:
+||2C60.10||	fluidization||	A bed of silica powder acts like a fluid when air is forced through it. Diagram.||
||2C60.20||	density balls in beans||	||
||2C60.20||	rising stones||	Rising of rocks in the spring is the same as the sifting of fine particles to the bottom of a cereal box.||
||2C60.20||	density balls in beans||	A png pong ball in the middle of a beaker of beans will rise when the beaker is shaken.||
||2C60.22||	Beans||	The size of an aluminum ball determines whether it goes up or down in a shaking bowl of beans.||
||2C60.30||	cornstarch||	||
||2C60.30||	cornstarch||	Add water to cornstarch until it is goo. Pour it, throw it, punch it.||
||2C60.35||	slime ball||	||
||2C60.35||	slime ball||	A commercial product "Slime" flows like a liquid under normal conditions but bounces on impact.||
||2C60.40||	silly putty||	||
||2C60.40||	silly putty||	||
||2C60.50||	fluids vs. solids||	Asphalt splinters when smashed but flows gradually, sand flows when poured but remains in a conical pile.||
||2C60.55||	ketchup uzi||	||
||2C60.55||	ketchup uzi||	Fill a super soaker with ketchup. Shoot it across the room and it blobs on the wall.||

fw: Diff for "DynamicsOfFluids"

Dynamics of Fluids

2C10. Flow Rate

2C20. Bernoulli Force

2C30. Viscosity

2C40. Turbulent and Streamline Flow

2C50. Vortices

2C60. Non Newtonian Fluids