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| ||2C10.10|| velocity of efflux|| A tall tube of water has holes top, middle, and bottom. Compare the range of the water streams.|| ||2C10.10|| velocity of efflux|| One page analysis and some teaching hints.|| ||2C10.10|| velocity of efflux|| Small holes are drilled top, bottom, and middle of a cylinder of water.|| ||2C10.10|| velocity of efflux|| A tall reservoir of water with holes at different heights.|| ||2C10.10|| velocity of efflux|| A bottle has horizontal outlets at three heights.|| ||2C10.10|| Toricelli's tank|| Water streams from holes at different heights in a vertical glass tube.|| ||2C10.11|| Toricelli's tank|| Determine the velocity of efflux by the parabolic trajectory method or attach a manometer to the various openings. Holes of different size at the same height show independence of diameter.|| ||2C10.12|| Mariotte's flask|| A flask with three holes drilled in the side at different heights is filled with water and closed with a stopper fitted with an open glass tube. The flow from the holes changes as the tube is moved up and down.|| ||2C10.20|| uniform pressure drop|| || ||2C10.20|| pressure drop along a line|| Open tubes along a drain pipe show pressure drop along a line.|| ||2C10.20|| viscosity|| A series of small holes in a long 3/4" water pipe shows pressure drop due to friction. Do the same thing with 3/8" gas pipe.|| ||2C10.20|| uniform pressure drop|| Water flows in a horizontal glass tube with three pressure indicating standpipes fitted with wood floats.|| ||2C10.22|| viscosity|| Run a water pipe around the lecture hall with pressure gauges at the top and bottom of each side. Show the difference between static and kinetic pressure.|| ||2C10.26|| syringe water velocity|| || ||2C10.26|| syringe water velocity|| Squirt water out of a syringe. The water moves faster through the constriction.|| |
||2C10.10||Toricelli's Tank||Water streams from holes at different heights in a vertical glass tube.|| ||<#dddddd>2C10.11||<#dddddd>Toricelli's tank||<#dddddd>Determine the velocity of efflux by the parabolic trajectory method or attach a manometer to the various openings. Holes of different size at the same height show independence of diameter.|| ||<#dddddd>2C10.12||<#dddddd>Mariotte's Flask||<#dddddd>A flask with three holes drilled in the side at different heights is filled with water and closed with a stopper fitted with an open glass tube. The flow from the holes changes as the tube is moved up and down.|| ||2C10.20||Pressure Drop Along a Line||Open tubes along a glass tube show pressure drop along a line.|| ||<#dddddd>2C10.22||<#dddddd>Viscosity||<#dddddd>Run a water pipe around the lecture hall with pressure gauges at the top and bottom of each side. Show the difference between static and kinetic pressure.|| ||2C10.26||Syringe Water Velocity||Squirt water out of a syringe. The water moves faster through the constriction.|| |
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| ||2C20.05|| hydrodynamic attraction|| Move a small sphere in water and another in close proximity will move due to hydrodynamic attraction. Pictures.|| ||2C20.10|| Bernoulli tubes|| || ||2C20.10|| Bernoulli tubes|| Air flows through a restricted tube. Manometers show the pressure differences.|| ||2C20.10|| Bernoulli tubes|| Air is blown through a constricted tube and the pressure measured with a manometer.|| ||2C20.10|| Bernoulli tubes|| A series of manometers measures pressure of flowing air at points along a restricted tube.|| ||2C20.10|| Bernoulli's principle|| Three pressure indicating manometers with bright wood floats are located at and on either side of a constriction in a horizontal tube with water flow.|| ||2C20.15|| constriction in pipes|| Open vertical pipes show the drop in pressure as water flows through a constriction.|| ||2C20.15|| Bernoulli tubes|| Vertical tubes show the pressure as water flows along a restricted tube.|| ||2C20.20|| atomizer|| || ||2C20.20|| atomizer|| A jet of air is blown across one end of a "U" tube.|| ||2C20.21|| aspirator, etc.|| Three demos. 1) Water runs through a 1/2 " dia tube constricted to .1". The dissolved water boils in the constriction. 2) Hook a water faucet aspirator to a mercury manometer. 3) Blow one tube across the end of a second vertical tube dipped in water.|| ||2C20.25|| pitot tube|| || ||2C20.25|| pitot tube|| A small Pitot tube is constructed from glass.|| ||2C20.25|| pitot tube|| A pitot tube is connected to a water manometer and the air stream velocity is varied. Graphics.|| ||2C20.26|| venturi meter|| A manometer measures the pressure difference between the restricted and unrestricted flow in a tube.|| ||2C20.30|| floating ball|| A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.|| ||2C20.30|| floating ball|| A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.|| ||2C20.30|| floating ball|| A ping pong ball is supported on a vertical stream of water, air or steam.|| ||2C20.30|| floating ball|| Float a ball in an air stream.|| ||2C20.30|| floating ball in air jet|| A styrofoam ball is suspended in an air jet from a vacuum cleaner.|| ||2C20.31|| floating objects|| Balls, screwdrivers, etc. float in a jet of air.|| ||2C20.33|| oscillating Bernoulli Balls|| An air jet keeps two balls at the high edge of semicircular tracks.|| ||2C20.35|| funnel and ball|| Support a ping pong ball by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.|| ||2C20.35|| ball and funnel|| Air blowing out an inverted funnel will hold up a ball.|| ||2C20.35|| funnel and ball|| A ball will stick in the apex of a funnel hooked to an air supply.|| ||2C20.35|| ball in a funnel|| A ping pong ball is supported by air or water streaming out of an upside-down funnel.|| ||2C20.36|| ball in a stream of water|| || ||2C20.36|| ball in a stream of water|| Same as AJP 34(5),445.|| ||2C20.36|| ball in a water stream|| Drill out a clear plexiglass tube to different diameters, connect water, and show that the ball sits at the change of diameter despite being tipped upside down.|| ||2C20.40|| lifting plate|| Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.|| ||2C20.40|| lifting plate|| Air blowing out between two horizontal plates supports a mass.|| ||2C20.40|| lifting plate|| A stream of air flowing radially between two plates will lift the bottom plate.|| ||2C20.40|| suspended plate in air jet|| Air blows radially out between two plates, supporting weights hung from the bottom plate.|| ||2C20.41|| lifting plate|| A pin is stuck through a card and it is inserted into the hole in a wooden spool. Blow in the spool and the card sticks. This can be scaled up if higher air pressure is available.|| ||2C20.41|| lifting plate|| Blow into a spool and lift a paper with a pin stuck through into the hole in the spool.|| ||2C20.43|| spin out the air|| When a disc hanging from a spring scale is mounted just above an identical spinning disc, the spring scale will show an increase in force.|| ||2C20.44|| coin in cup|| || ||2C20.44|| blow coin into cup|| Place a coin in the table a few inches in front of a coffee cup, give a puff, and the coin jumps into the cup.|| ||2C20.45|| attracting sheets|| || ||2C20.45|| attracting sheets|| Blow are between two sheets of aluminum.|| ||2C20.45|| attracting sheets|| Blow air between two sheets of paper of two large balls and observe the attraction.|| ||2C20.45|| suspended parallel cards|| Blow an air stream between two parallel cards on bifilar suspensions.|| ||2C20.46|| sticking paper flap|| A stream of air blown between a paper and a surface will cause the paper to cling to the surface.|| ||2C20.50|| airplane wing|| || ||2C20.50|| airplane wing projection|| A small cross section of an airplane wing with manometers at various locations is built into a projector assembly. A vacuum cleaner provides the air source.|| ||2C20.50|| wind tunnel|| An airplane wing element in a small wind tunnel shows lift.|| ||2C20.50|| airplane wing|| A balanced model airplane shows lift when a stream of air is directed onto it.|| ||2C20.51|| airplane wing|| Hold one edge of a sheet of paper horizontally and let the rest hang. Blow across it and watch the sheet rise.|| ||2C20.52|| airplane wing|| Connect a slant manometer to holes on the top and bottom of an airfoil.|| ||2C20.53|| raise the roof|| Air blown over a model house raises the roof. Picture.|| ||2C20.54|| paper dirigible|| A paper loop in an air stream and a falling card.|| ||2C20.54|| Rayleigh's disk|| A lightweight disk turns perpendicular to the air flow.|| ||2C20.55|| straight boomerang|| Make a light straight boomerang from balsa. The theory is different from the usual one.|| ||2C20.55|| boomerang flight|| An article explaining boomerang flight along with directions for throwing and building one.|| ||2C20.56|| fly wing mechanism|| How to build a working model of Pringle's fly wing mechanism.|| ||2C20.57|| flying umbrella|| A motor mounted inside an umbrella is attached to a centrifugal fan mounted above the umbrella pulling air through a hole in the top so it flows down over the side. Develops a few oz of lift.|| ||2C20.58|| dropping wing sections|| A folded index card, a paper pyramid, or a paper cone are stable when dropped apex down.|| ||2C20.59|| explaining lift|| Explain lift based on repulsive forces.|| ||2C20.59|| aerodynamic lifting force explained|| An article explaining that the longer path length does not cause lift.|| ||2C20.59|| aerodynamic lifting force|| Lift is explained as a reaction force of the airstream pushed down by the airfoil. Several demonstrations are shown.|| ||2C20.60|| curve ball|| Use a "V" shaped launcher to throw curve balls.|| ||2C20.60|| curve ball|| A sandpaper covered wood track helps give a ball lots of spin.|| ||2C20.60|| curve ball|| Throw a 3" polystyrene ball with a "V" shaped launcher lined with emery cloth.|| ||2C20.60|| curved ball trajectory|| A ping pong ball is thrown with a sandpaper covered paddle.|| ||2C20.60|| curve ball|| A "V" shaped launcher lined with styrofoam is used to launch curved balls.|| ||2C20.60|| autorotation|| A half round stick used as a propeller will rotate in either direction given a start.|| ||2C20.60|| curve ball|| A mailing tube lined with sandpaper helps give spin while throwing curve balls.|| ||2C20.60|| curve balls|| Throw a styrofoam ball with a throwing tube. Animation.|| ||2C20.61|| spinning ball|| Direct a high speed stream of air at a ball spinning on a rotating rod free to pivot perpendicular to the air stream. Pictures.|| ||2C20.62|| spinning ball device|| A device to spin and throw a ping pong ball. Diagrams and details.|| ||2C20.70|| Bjerknes' tube|| || ||2C20.70|| mailing tube|| Cloth webbing wrapped around a mailing tube is jerked out causing the tube to spin through a loop the loop motion.|| ||2C20.70|| bernoulli loop the loop|| Pulling a cord wrapped around a mailing tube spins it into a loop the loop path.|| ||2C20.70|| Bjerknes' tube|| Wrap three feet of cloth tape around the middle of a mailing tube and give a jerk. The tube does a loop-the-loop.|| ||2C20.72|| bernoulli cups|| Glue the rims of two styrofoam cups together and launch by letting them roll off the fingers while throwing. Four glued together works better.|| ||2C20.75|| Bernoulli pen barrel|| || ||2C20.75|| pen barrel bernoulli|| Remove the filler from a ball point pen, place under your thumbs at the edge of the lecture bench. Pop the barrel out from under your thumbs giving it lots of spin.|| ||2C20.80|| Flettner rotator|| || ||2C20.80|| Flettner rotor ship on air track|| An aluminum can spun with a battery operated motor (and reversing switch) is mounted on an air track cart. A vacuum cleaner exhaust provides the cross wind.|| ||2C20.80|| Flettner rotator|| Direct an air stream at a rotating vertical cylinder on a light car. The car will move at right angles to the air stream.|| ||2C20.80|| Flettner rotator|| A car with a spinning styrofoam cylinder moves perpendicular to an air stream. Animation.|| ||2C20.85|| Magnus effect|| Construction details for a very light cylinder and a method of spinning and releasing. Diagram. ALSO - Vertical motorized cylinder on a cart.|| |
||2C20.05||Hydrodynamic Attraction||Move a small sphere in water and another in close proximity will move due to hydrodynamic attraction.|| ||2C20.10a||Venturi Tubes||A series of manometers measures pressure of flowing air at points along a restricted tube.|| ||2C20.10b||Big Venturi Tubes||This version is bigger and uses ping pong balls as floats.|| ||2C20.20||Atomizer||A jet of air is blown across one end of a "U" tube.|| ||2C20.25?||Pitot Tube ?(PIRA LOCATION)?|| ?A pitot tube is connected to a water manometer and the air stream velocity is varied. Graphics.|| ||2C20.30||Bernoulli Ball||A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.33||<#dddddd>Oscillating Bernoulli Balls||<#dddddd>An air jet keeps two balls at the high edge of semicircular tracks.|| ||2C20.35||Ball and Cup||Air blowing out an inverted funnel will hold up a ball.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.36||<#dddddd>Ball in a Water Stream||<#dddddd>Drill out a clear plexiglass tube to different diameters, connect water, and show that the ball sits at the change of diameter despite being tipped upside down.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.40||<#dddddd>Lifting Plate||<#dddddd>Air blows radially out between two plates. This allows them to support masses. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000071000002000176000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1524162&prog=normal AJP 71(2), 176].|| ||2C20.41||Lifting Plate||A pin is stuck through a card and it is inserted into the hole in a wooden spool. Blow in the spool and the card sticks. This can be scaled up if higher air pressure is available. Blow into a spool and lift a paper with a pin stuck through into the hole in the spool.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.43||<#dddddd>Spin out the Air||<#dddddd>When a disc hanging from a spring scale is mounted just above an identical spinning disc, the spring scale will show an increase in force.|| ||2C20.44||Blow Coin into Cup||Place a coin in the table a few inches in front of a coffee cup, give a puff, and the coin jumps into the cup.|| ||2C20.45||Attracting Sheets||Blow an air stream between two parallel cards on bifilar suspensions. Also try with two large balls.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.46||<#dddddd>Sticking Paper Flap||<#dddddd>A stream of air blown between a paper and a surface will cause the paper to cling to the surface.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.50||<#dddddd>Airplane Wing||<#dddddd>A balanced model airplane with big wings shows lift when a stream of air is directed onto it. Pressure censors show the Bernoulli effect.|| ||2C20.51||Paper Lift||Hold one edge of a sheet of paper horizontally and let the rest hang. Blow across it and watch the sheet rise.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.52||<#dddddd>Airplane Wing||<#dddddd>Connect a slant manometer to holes on the top and bottom of an airfoil. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-303].|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.53||<#dddddd>Raise the Roof||<#dddddd>Air blown over a model house raises the roof.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.54||<#dddddd>Paper Dirigible||<#dddddd>A paper loop in an air stream and a falling card. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000044000008000780000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10313&prog=normal AJP 44(8), 780].|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.54||<#dddddd>Rayleigh's Disk||<#dddddd>A lightweight disk turns perpendicular to the air flow.|| ||2C20.55||Boomerang||An article explaining boomerang flight along with directions for throwing and building one. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000003000142000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342973&prog=normal TPT 28(3), 142].|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.56||<#dddddd>Fly Wing Mechanism||<#dddddd>How to build a working model of Pringle's fly wing mechanism. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000045000003000303000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10992&prog=normal AJP 45(3), 303].|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.57||<#dddddd>Flying Umbrella||<#dddddd>A motor mounted inside an umbrella is attached to a centrifugal fan mounted above the umbrella pulling air through a hole in the top so it flows down over the side. Develops a few oz of lift. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000029000007000459000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1986011&prog=normal AJP 29(7), 459].|| ||2C20.58||Dropping Wing Sections||A folded index card, a paper pyramid, or a paper cone are stable when dropped apex down.|| ||2C20.59||[:Styrofoam Airplane]||Lift is explained as a reaction force of the airstream pushed down by the airfoil. Several demonstrations are shown. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000055000001000050000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.14960&prog=normal AJP 55(1), 50], [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000002000084000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342945&prog=normal TPT 28(2), 84], and [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000002000078000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342944&prog=normal TPT 28(2), 78].|| ||2C20.60||Curve Ball||Throw a 3" polystyrene ball with a "V" shaped launcher lined with emery cloth.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.61||<#dddddd>Spinning Ball||<#dddddd>Direct a high speed stream of air at a ball spinning on a rotating rod free to pivot perpendicular to the air stream. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000076000002000119000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2805242&prog=normal AJP 76(2), 119].|| ||2C20.70||Mailing Tube||Cloth webbing wrapped around a mailing tube is jerked out causing the tube to spin through a loop the loop motion.|| ||2C20.70||Bjerknes' Tube||Wrap three feet of cloth tape around the middle of a mailing tube and give a jerk. The tube does a loop-the-loop.|| ||2C20.72||Bernoulli Cups||Glue the rims of two styrofoam cups together and launch by letting them roll off the fingers while throwing. Four glued together works better. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000047000002000200000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.11879&prog=normal AJP 47(2),200].|| ||2C20.75||Bernoulli Pen Barrel||Remove the filler from a ball point pen, place under your thumbs at the edge of the lecture bench. Pop the barrel out from under your thumbs giving it lots of spin.|| ||<#dddddd>2C20.80||<#dddddd>Flettner rotator||<#dddddd>Direct an airstream at a light car with a large rotating stryofoam cylinder. The car will move at right angles to the airstream. Could be used with the air track.|| ||2C20.85||Magnus Effect||Construction details for a very light cylinder and a method of spinning and releasing. Diagram. ALSO - Vertical motorized cylinder on a cart.|| ||2C20.95||Frisbee||An analysis of how a Frisbee works. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000021000005000325000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2341303&prog=normal TPT 21(5), 325].|| |
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| ||2C30.10|| viscosity disc|| A horizontal disc is hung on a single thread and a second disc is spun below it causing deflection.|| ||2C30.11|| viscosity disc|| A disc is spun between two parallel plates of a platform balance and the deflection is noted.|| ||2C30.12|| viscosity disc|| A metal sheet and a disc are mounted parallel in a container of fluid. Rotate the disc and observe the displacement of the sheet by projection.|| ||2C30.13|| viscosity - viscosimeter|| Coaxial cylinders are separated by a fluid. As the outer cylinder is rotated, the drag induced motion of the inner cylinder is observed by optical lever magnification.|| ||2C30.15|| pulling an aluminum plate|| Use a string and pulley to a mass to pull an aluminum plate out of a viscous fluid ( GE Silicone Fluid, SF-96/10,000).|| ||2C30.20|| viscocity in capillary|| A Mariotte flask with a capillary out on the bottom permits varying the pressure at cm of water.|| ||2C30.25|| viscosity of oil|| || ||2C30.25|| viscosity of oil|| Invert several sealed tubes filled with oil. Air bubbles rise.|| ||2C30.25|| oil viscosity|| Quickly invert tubes of oil and watch the bubbles rise to the top.|| ||2C30.30|| temperature and viscosity|| Tubes filled with motor oil and silicone oil are inverted at room temperature and after cooling with dry ice/alcohol.|| ||2C30.30|| viscosity and temperature|| Rotate a cylinder of castor oil in a water bath on a turntable. Heated from 5-40 C, the viscosity falls 15:1.|| ||2C30.45|| terminal velocity - drop balls|| Precision ball in a precision tube.|| ||2C30.50|| terminal velocity in water, glycerin|| || ||2C30.50|| terminal velocity in water, glycerin|| Drop balls in large 1 meter test tubes, one filled with water, the other with glycerine.|| ||2C30.50|| terminal velocity - drop balls|| A steel ball is dropped into a graduate filled with oil.|| ||2C30.50|| viscous drag|| Steel, glass, and lead balls are dropped in a tall cylinder filled with glycerine.|| ||2C30.51|| terminal velocity - diameter|| Steel balls of different diameters are dropped in glycerine.|| ||2C30.52|| terminal velocity - diameter|| Three steel balls of different diameters are sealed in a 4' tube. Illuminate with a lamp at the bottom.|| ||2C30.53|| terminal velocity - specific gravity|| Four balls of the same diameter with carefully adjusted specific gravity are dropped in glycerine.|| ||2C30.55|| ball drop|| || ||2C30.55|| terminal velocity - styrofoam ball|| A 2" dia. styrofoam ball reaches terminal velocity in 5 1/2 m.|| ||2C30.55|| ball drop|| Several balls including styrofoam balls of three diameters are dropped four meters. Use stop frame and take data.|| ||2C30.56|| terminal velocity - dylite beads|| Dylite beads reach terminal velocity quickly in water, and when expanded by heating in boiling water, are also useful in air.|| ||2C30.60|| terminal velocity - styrofoam|| || ||C30.60|| terminal velocity - styrofoam|| Drop styrofoam half round packing pieces.|| ||2C30.65|| terminal velocity coffee filters|| || ||2C30.65|| terminal velocity coffee filters|| Drop a coffee filter and it descends with low terminal velocity. Crumple one and drop it.|| ||2C30.65|| air friction|| Drop crumpled and flat sheets of paper.|| |
||<#dddddd>2C30.10||<#dddddd>Viscosity Disc||<#dddddd>A horizontal disc is hung on a single thread and a second disc is spun below it, causing deflection. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-62].|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.11||<#dddddd>Viscosity Disc||<#dddddd>A disc is spun between two parallel plates of a platform balance and the deflection is noted. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-61].|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.12||<#dddddd>Viscosity Disc||<#dddddd>A metal sheet and a disc are mounted parallel in a container of fluid. Rotate the disc and observe the displacement of the sheet by projection. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-56].|| ||2C30.13||Viscosity - Viscosimeter||Coaxial cylinders are separated by a fluid. As the outer cylinder is rotated, the drag induced motion of the inner cylinder is observed by optical lever magnification. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-55].|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.15||<#dddddd>Pulling an Aluminum Plate||<#dddddd>Use a string and pulley to a mass to pull an aluminum plate out of a viscous fluid ( GE Silicone Fluid, SF-96/10,000).|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.20||<#dddddd>Viscocity in Capillary||<#dddddd>A Mariotte flask with a capillary out on the bottom permits varying the pressure at cm of water. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000033000010000848000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1970999&prog=normal AJP 33(10),848].|| ||2C30.25||Oil Viscosity||Quickly invert tubes of oil and watch the bubbles rise to the top. Air bubbles rise at different speeds in different fluids.|| ||2C30.30||Temperature and Viscosity||Tubes filled with motor oil and silicone oil are inverted at room temperature and after cooling with dry ice/alcohol. Or, use castor oil from 5 to 50 C the viscosity goes down by a factor of 15.|| ||2C30.45||Terminal Velocity - Drop Balls||Precision ball in a precision tube.|| ||2C30.50 1C10.51||[:GlycerinViscosity:Terminal Velocity With Water, Glycerin, & Marbles]||Two identical marbles are dropped simultaneously into separate graduated cylinders, one filled with glycerine and the other with water. The marble dropped in glycerine will quickly reach terminal velocity, obtaining a slow and constant velocity that can be measured.|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.52||<#dddddd>Terminal Velocity - Diameter||<#dddddd>Three steel balls of different diameters are sealed in a 4' tube. Illuminate with a lamp at the bottom.|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.53||<#dddddd>Terminal Velocity - Specific Gravity||<#dddddd>Four balls of the same diameter with carefully adjusted specific gravity are dropped in glycerine.|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.55||<#dddddd>Terminal Velocity - Styrofoam Ball||<#dddddd>A 2" dia. styrofoam ball reaches terminal velocity in 5.5m. Use a stop frame and take data.|| ||<#dddddd>2C30.56||<#dddddd>Terminal Velocity - Dylite Beads||<#dddddd>Dylite beads reach terminal velocity quickly in water, and when expanded by heating in boiling water, are also useful in air.|| ||2C30.65||Terminal Velocity coffee Filters||Drop a coffee filter and it descends with low terminal velocity. Crumple one and drop it.|| ||2C30.65||Air Friction||Drop crumpled and flat sheets of paper.|| |
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| ||2C40.01|| swimming bacteria|| A transcription of an interesting talk about the world of low Reynolds number.|| ||2C40.10|| streamline flow|| || ||2C40.10|| streamline flow|| The Cenco streamline flow apparatus.|| ||2C40.10|| streamline and turbulent flow|| A simple streamline apparatus for use on the overhead projector that uses a ganged syringe ink source.|| ||2C40.10|| streamline flow|| A commercial apparatus to show flow around objects in projection cells.|| ||2C40.11|| streamline flow|| Directions for construction a streamline flow apparatus that uses several potassium permanganate tracers.|| ||2C40.12|| streamlines|| a simple gravity streamline apparatus.|| ||2C40.14|| streamlines on the overhead|| Flow is shown between two glass plates from a source point to a collection point. Dilute NaOH passes a ring of phenophthalein beads around the source generating colored trails.|| ||2C40.14|| inverse square law patterns|| Inverse-square-law field patterns are illustrated by dyed streamlines of water flowing between two glass plates. Construction details in appendix, p. 620.|| ||2C40.16|| dry ice fog|| Some dry ice in a flask of warm water will produce a jet of fog that can be used with a fan to show the effects of various objects on air flow.|| ||2C40.17|| streamline design|| The effect of moving air on a disc and streamlined object of the same cross section is demonstrated.|| ||2C40.18|| fluid mappers|| Several types of fluid mappers. Pictures and diagrams. Construction details in appendix, p. 614.|| ||2C40.20|| streamline flow - blow out candle|| Place a lighted candle on one side of a beaker and blow on the other side to put out the candle.|| ||2C40.21|| streamline flow - blow out candle|| A technique to blow a card over using upward curling streamlines.|| ||2C40.25|| Poiseuille flow|| || ||2C40.25|| Poiseuille flow|| Colored glycerine is placed on top of clear glycerine in a square cross sectioned tube and a stopcock is opened at the bottom to adjust flow.|| ||2C40.25|| streamline flow|| Watch the interface between clear oil on the bottom of a glass tube and colored oil on top as oil is drawn off the bottom.|| ||2C40.30|| vena contracta|| As a liquid emerges vertically downward, its jet contracts in diameter.|| ||2C40.50|| laminar and turbulent flow|| || ||2C40.50|| laminar and turbulent flow|| An ink jet is introduced at different rates into a tube of flowing water.|| ||2C40.50|| turbulent flow|| The velocity of a stream of ink is varied in smoothly flowing water.|| |
||<#dddddd>2C40.10||<#dddddd>Streamline Flow||<#dddddd>The Cenco streamline gravity flow apparatus. A commercial apparatus to show flow around objects in projection cells. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-306].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.11||<#dddddd>Streamline Flow||<#dddddd>A streamline flow apparatus that uses several potassium permanganate tracers.|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.14||<#dddddd>Streamlines on the Overhead||<#dddddd>Flow is shown between two glass plates from a source point to a collection point. Dilute NaOH passes a ring of phenophthalein beads around the source generating colored trails. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000037000009000868000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1975909&prog=normal AJP 37(9), 868].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.14||<#dddddd>Inverse Square Law Patterns||<#dddddd>Inverse-square-law field patterns are illustrated by dyed streamlines of water flowing between two glass plates. Construction details in appendix, p. 620.|| ||2C40.16||Dry Ice Fog||Some dry ice in a flask of warm water will produce a jet of fog that can be used with a fan to show the effects of various objects on air flow. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-307].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.17||<#dddddd>Streamline Design||<#dddddd>The effect of moving air on a disc and streamlined object of the same cross section is demonstrated.|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.18||<#dddddd>Fluid Mappers||<#dddddd>Several types of fluid mappers. Pictures and diagrams. Construction details in appendix, p. 614.|| ||2C40.20||Streamline Flow - Blow Out Candle||Place a lighted candle on one side of a beaker and blow on the other side to put out the candle.|| ||2C40.21||Streamline Flow - Blow Out Candle||A technique to blow a card over using upward curling streamlines. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-309].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.25||<#dddddd>Poiseuille Flow||<#dddddd>Colored glycerine is placed on top of clear glycerine in a square cross sectioned tube and a stopcock is opened at the bottom to adjust flow. Or, watch the interface between clear oil on the bottom of a glass tube and colored oil on top as oil is drawn off the bottom. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-310].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.30||<#dddddd>Vena Contracta||<#dddddd>As a liquid emerges vertically downward, its jet contracts in diameter. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-254].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.50||<#dddddd>Laminar and Turbulent Flow||<#dddddd>The velocity of a stream of ink is varied as it is introduced into a tube of smoothly flowing water.|| |
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| ||2C40.51|| Reynold's number|| A device for varying the flow in a tube and introducing a tracer into the flow. Several hints. Reference: AJP 28(2),165.|| ||2C40.52|| Reynold's number|| A funnel feeds methylene blue into a vertical tube with adjustable water flow.|| ||2C40.52|| Reynolds' number|| Water with potassium permanganate flows through a vertical tube. Flow is varied and rate is determined by timing 1 liter.|| ||2C40.53|| Reynolds' number|| The flow rate in a long thin brass tube is adjusted until spitting starts. Flow rate is determined by collecting water for a given time.|| ||2C40.60|| laminar and turbulent flow|| Shadow project rising warm air flowing around objects.|| ||2C40.61|| streamline vs. turbulent flow|| Drop a ball into a viscous liquid or water. Shadow project a hot iron ball in slowly or rapidly moving air.|| ||2C40.63|| laminar and turbulent flow|| The Krebs apparatus is used to show flow of water around objects.|| ||2C40.71|| laminar & turbulent flow|| A discussion of the various types of friction involving the air track.|| ||2C40.73|| stero shadowgraph|| On viewing fluid flow with stereo shadowgraphs.|| ||2C40.80|| weather maps|| Daily weather maps show large scale fluid dynamics.|| ||2C40.90|| Rayleigh-Taylor instability in Prell|| A air bubble rising in a tube of Prell shampoo demonstrates Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Other examples are given.|| |
||<#dddddd>2C40.51||<#dddddd>Reynold's Number||<#dddddd>An apparatus for varying the flow in a tube and introducing a tracer into the flow. Different fluids can be used. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000028000002000165000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1935087&prog=normal AJP 28(2), 165].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.53||<#dddddd>Reynolds' Number||<#dddddd>The flow rate in a long thin brass tube is adjusted until spitting starts. Flow rate is determined by collecting water for a given time. This lets one determine || ||2C40.60||Laminar and Turbulent Flow||Shadow project rising warm air flowing around objects.|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.61||<#dddddd>Streamline vs. Turbulent Flow||<#dddddd>Drop a ball into a viscous liquid or water. Shadow project a hot iron ball in slowly or rapidly moving air. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-311].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.63||<#dddddd>Laminar and Turbulent Flow||<#dddddd>The Krebs apparatus is used to show flow of water around objects.|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.73||<#dddddd>Stero Shadowgraph||<#dddddd>On viewing fluid flow with stereo shadow-graphs. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000044000010000981000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10245&prog=normal AJP 44(10), 981].|| ||<#dddddd>2C40.90||<#dddddd>Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Prell||<#dddddd>A air bubble rising in a tube of Prell shampoo demonstrates Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Other examples are given. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000053000005000484000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.14206&prog=normal AJP 53(5), 484].|| |
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| [[Anchor(Vortices)]] | |
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| ||2C50.10|| smoke ring|| Tap smoke rings out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.|| ||2C50.10|| smoke ring|| Smoke rings are tapped out of a coffee can through a 1" dia. hole.|| ||2C50.10|| vortex rings|| Tap smoke rings out of a can with a rubber diaphragm on one end and a hole in the other.|| ||2C50.11|| smoke rings with LP gas|| A rubber sheet at the back on a large wooden box is struck with a hammer to produce smoke rings capable of knocking over a plate. Fuming HCL and conc. ammonia produce the smoke.|| ||2C50.12|| vortex box|| A 15 inch square, 4 inch deep vortex box with a 4 inch diameter hole.|| ||2C50.15|| vortex cannon|| || ||2C50.15|| vortex cannon|| Use a large barrel to generate a smoke ring. Blow out a candle with the vortex. Animation.|| ||2C50.20|| liquid vortices|| || ||2C50.20|| ||liquid vortices|| A drop of inky water is allowed to form on a medicine dropper 1" above a beaker of water. This height is critical. The vortex will rebound if the beaker is less than 4" deep.|| ||2C50.21|| ring vortices on liquid|| Bursts of colored water are expelled from a glass tube in a beaker of water. Also a drop of aniline sinks in a beaker of water.|| ||2C50.22|| semicircular vortex in water|| A skill demonstration. Use a small paddle to form vortices in a small dish on the overhead projector.|| ||2C50.23|| detergent vortex|| A few drops of detergent in a jar of water are shaken and given a twist to form a vortex lasting several seconds.|| ||2C50.25|| whirlpool|| Water is introduced tangentially into a cylinder with a hole in the bottom.|| ||2C50.30|| tornado tube|| || ||2C50.30|| tornado tube|| || ||2C50.30|| tornado vortex|| A vortex forms in a large cylinder on a magnetic stirrer.|| ||2C50.30|| tornado tube|| Couple two soft drink bottles with the commercial tornado tube coupler and spin the top bottle so the water forms a vortex as it drains into the bottom bottle.|| ||2C50.35|| flame tornado|| || ||2C50.35|| paraboloids and vortices|| A transparent cylinder is rotated at speeds up to 1000 RPM.|| ||2C50.40|| growing a large drop|| A vortex is formed in an air stream allowing one to form a large water drop.|| |
||2C50.10||Smoke Rings||Tap smoke rings out of a box with a rubber diaphragm on one end and a hole in the other.|| ||<#dddddd>2C50.11||<#dddddd>Smoke Rings with LP Gas||<#dddddd>A rubber sheet at the back of a large wooden box is struck with a hammer to produce smoke rings capable of knocking over a plate. Fuming HCL and conc. ammonia produce the smoke.|| ||2C50.12||Vortex Box||A 24 inch square, 8 inch deep vortex box with a 4 inch diameter hole.|| ||2C50.15||Vortex Cannon||Use a large barrel to generate a smoke ring. Blow out a candle with the vortex. Animation.|| ||<#dddddd>2C50.20||<#dddddd>Liquid Vortices||<#dddddd>A drop of inky water is allowed to form on a medicine dropper 1" above a beaker of water. This height is critical. The vortex will rebound if the beaker is less than 4" deep. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-253].|| ||<#dddddd>2C50.22||<#dddddd>Semicircular Vortex in Water||<#dddddd>A skill demonstration. Use a small paddle to form vortices in a small dish on the overhead projector.|| ||2C50.23||Detergent Vortex||A few drops of detergent in a jar of water are shaken and given a twist to form a vortex lasting several seconds. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000007000494000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2343124&prog=normal TPT 28(7), 494].|| ||<#dddddd>2C50.25||<#dddddd>Whirlpool||<#dddddd>Water is introduced tangentially into a cylinder with a hole in the bottom.|| ||2C50.30||Tornado Vortex||Couple two soft drink bottles with the commercial tornado tube coupler and spin the top bottle so the water forms a vortex as it drains into the bottom bottle.|| ||2C50.35||Fire Tornado||A rotating cylinder of copper mesh surrounds a dish with burning material in it. The air flow due to the spinning mesh causes the flames to take on a signature tornado shape.|| ||2C50.35||Paraboloids and Vortices||A transparent cylinder is rotated at speeds up to 1000 RPM. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000037000009000864000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1975907&prog=normal AJP 37(9), 864].|| ||<#dddddd>2C50.40||<#dddddd>Growing a Large Drop||<#dddddd>A vortex is formed in an air stream allowing one to form a large water drop.|| |
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| [[Anchor(NonNewton)]] | |
| Line 215: | Line 126: |
| ||2C60.10|| fluidization|| A bed of silica powder acts like a fluid when air is forced through it. Diagram.|| ||2C60.20|| density balls in beans|| || ||2C60.20|| rising stones|| Rising of rocks in the spring is the same as the sifting of fine particles to the bottom of a cereal box.|| ||2C60.20|| density balls in beans|| A png pong ball in the middle of a beaker of beans will rise when the beaker is shaken.|| ||2C60.22|| Beans|| The size of an aluminum ball determines whether it goes up or down in a shaking bowl of beans.|| ||2C60.30|| cornstarch|| || ||2C60.30|| cornstarch|| Add water to cornstarch until it is goo. Pour it, throw it, punch it.|| ||2C60.35|| slime ball|| || ||2C60.35|| slime ball|| A commercial product "Slime" flows like a liquid under normal conditions but bounces on impact.|| ||2C60.40|| silly putty|| || ||2C60.40|| silly putty|| || ||2C60.50|| fluids vs. solids|| Asphalt splinters when smashed but flows gradually, sand flows when poured but remains in a conical pile.|| ||2C60.55|| ketchup uzi|| || ||2C60.55|| ketchup uzi|| Fill a super soaker with ketchup. Shoot it across the room and it blobs on the wall.|| |
||<#dddddd>2C60.10||<#dddddd>Fluidization||<#dddddd>A bed of silica powder acts like a fluid when air is forced through it. Diagram.|| ||2C60.20||Rising Stones||A ping pong ball in the middle of a beaker of beans will rise when the beaker is shaken. Rising of rocks in the spring is the same as the sifting of fine particles to the bottom of a cereal box.|| ||<#dddddd>2C60.22||<#dddddd>Beans||<#dddddd>The size of an aluminum ball determines whether it goes up or down in a shaking bowl of beans.|| ||2C60.30||Cornstarch||Add water to cornstarch until it is goo. Pour it, throw it, punch it.|| ||2C60.32||[:CornstarchSpeaker:Cornstarch on Speaker]||Cover a speaker cone in the cornstarch suspension and turn it on.|| ||<#dddddd>2C60.35||<#dddddd>Slime Ball||<#dddddd>A commercial product "Slime" flows like a liquid under normal conditions but bounces on impact.|| ||<#dddddd>2C60.50||<#dddddd>Fluids vs. Solids||<#dddddd>Asphalt splinters when smashed but flows gradually, sand flows when poured but remains in a conical pile. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-253].|| ||<#dddddd>2C60.55||<#dddddd>Ketchup Uzi||<#dddddd>Fill a super soaker with ketchup. Shoot it across the room and it blobs on the wall.|| |
[:PiraScheme#Mechanics: Table of Fluid Mechanics] |
[:StaticsOfFluids: Fluid Mechanics (2B): Statics Of Fluids] |
[:Demonstrations:Lecture Demonstrations] |
Dynamics of Fluids
PIRA classification 2C
2C10. Flow Rate
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C10.10 |
Toricelli's Tank |
Water streams from holes at different heights in a vertical glass tube. |
2C10.11 |
Toricelli's tank |
Determine the velocity of efflux by the parabolic trajectory method or attach a manometer to the various openings. Holes of different size at the same height show independence of diameter. |
2C10.12 |
Mariotte's Flask |
A flask with three holes drilled in the side at different heights is filled with water and closed with a stopper fitted with an open glass tube. The flow from the holes changes as the tube is moved up and down. |
2C10.20 |
Pressure Drop Along a Line |
Open tubes along a glass tube show pressure drop along a line. |
2C10.22 |
Viscosity |
Run a water pipe around the lecture hall with pressure gauges at the top and bottom of each side. Show the difference between static and kinetic pressure. |
2C10.26 |
Syringe Water Velocity |
Squirt water out of a syringe. The water moves faster through the constriction. |
2C20. Forces in Moving Fluids
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C20.05 |
Hydrodynamic Attraction |
Move a small sphere in water and another in close proximity will move due to hydrodynamic attraction. |
2C20.10a |
Venturi Tubes |
A series of manometers measures pressure of flowing air at points along a restricted tube. |
2C20.10b |
Big Venturi Tubes |
This version is bigger and uses ping pong balls as floats. |
2C20.20 |
Atomizer |
A jet of air is blown across one end of a "U" tube. |
2C20.25? |
Pitot Tube ?(PIRA LOCATION)? |
?A pitot tube is connected to a water manometer and the air stream velocity is varied. Graphics. |
2C20.30 |
Bernoulli Ball |
A ball is suspended in an upward jet of air. |
2C20.33 |
Oscillating Bernoulli Balls |
An air jet keeps two balls at the high edge of semicircular tracks. |
2C20.35 |
Ball and Cup |
Air blowing out an inverted funnel will hold up a ball. |
2C20.36 |
Ball in a Water Stream |
Drill out a clear plexiglass tube to different diameters, connect water, and show that the ball sits at the change of diameter despite being tipped upside down. |
2C20.40 |
Lifting Plate |
Air blows radially out between two plates. This allows them to support masses. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000071000002000176000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1524162&prog=normal AJP 71(2), 176]. |
2C20.41 |
Lifting Plate |
A pin is stuck through a card and it is inserted into the hole in a wooden spool. Blow in the spool and the card sticks. This can be scaled up if higher air pressure is available. Blow into a spool and lift a paper with a pin stuck through into the hole in the spool. |
2C20.43 |
Spin out the Air |
When a disc hanging from a spring scale is mounted just above an identical spinning disc, the spring scale will show an increase in force. |
2C20.44 |
Blow Coin into Cup |
Place a coin in the table a few inches in front of a coffee cup, give a puff, and the coin jumps into the cup. |
2C20.45 |
Attracting Sheets |
Blow an air stream between two parallel cards on bifilar suspensions. Also try with two large balls. |
2C20.46 |
Sticking Paper Flap |
A stream of air blown between a paper and a surface will cause the paper to cling to the surface. |
2C20.50 |
Airplane Wing |
A balanced model airplane with big wings shows lift when a stream of air is directed onto it. Pressure censors show the Bernoulli effect. |
2C20.51 |
Paper Lift |
Hold one edge of a sheet of paper horizontally and let the rest hang. Blow across it and watch the sheet rise. |
2C20.52 |
Airplane Wing |
Connect a slant manometer to holes on the top and bottom of an airfoil. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-303]. |
2C20.53 |
Raise the Roof |
Air blown over a model house raises the roof. |
2C20.54 |
Paper Dirigible |
A paper loop in an air stream and a falling card. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000044000008000780000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10313&prog=normal AJP 44(8), 780]. |
2C20.54 |
Rayleigh's Disk |
A lightweight disk turns perpendicular to the air flow. |
2C20.55 |
Boomerang |
An article explaining boomerang flight along with directions for throwing and building one. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000003000142000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342973&prog=normal TPT 28(3), 142]. |
2C20.56 |
Fly Wing Mechanism |
How to build a working model of Pringle's fly wing mechanism. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000045000003000303000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10992&prog=normal AJP 45(3), 303]. |
2C20.57 |
Flying Umbrella |
A motor mounted inside an umbrella is attached to a centrifugal fan mounted above the umbrella pulling air through a hole in the top so it flows down over the side. Develops a few oz of lift. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000029000007000459000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1986011&prog=normal AJP 29(7), 459]. |
2C20.58 |
Dropping Wing Sections |
A folded index card, a paper pyramid, or a paper cone are stable when dropped apex down. |
2C20.59 |
[:Styrofoam Airplane] |
Lift is explained as a reaction force of the airstream pushed down by the airfoil. Several demonstrations are shown. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000055000001000050000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.14960&prog=normal AJP 55(1), 50], [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000002000084000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342945&prog=normal TPT 28(2), 84], and [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000002000078000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2342944&prog=normal TPT 28(2), 78]. |
2C20.60 |
Curve Ball |
Throw a 3" polystyrene ball with a "V" shaped launcher lined with emery cloth. |
2C20.61 |
Spinning Ball |
Direct a high speed stream of air at a ball spinning on a rotating rod free to pivot perpendicular to the air stream. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000076000002000119000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2805242&prog=normal AJP 76(2), 119]. |
2C20.70 |
Mailing Tube |
Cloth webbing wrapped around a mailing tube is jerked out causing the tube to spin through a loop the loop motion. |
2C20.70 |
Bjerknes' Tube |
Wrap three feet of cloth tape around the middle of a mailing tube and give a jerk. The tube does a loop-the-loop. |
2C20.72 |
Bernoulli Cups |
Glue the rims of two styrofoam cups together and launch by letting them roll off the fingers while throwing. Four glued together works better. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000047000002000200000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.11879&prog=normal AJP 47(2),200]. |
2C20.75 |
Bernoulli Pen Barrel |
Remove the filler from a ball point pen, place under your thumbs at the edge of the lecture bench. Pop the barrel out from under your thumbs giving it lots of spin. |
2C20.80 |
Flettner rotator |
Direct an airstream at a light car with a large rotating stryofoam cylinder. The car will move at right angles to the airstream. Could be used with the air track. |
2C20.85 |
Magnus Effect |
Construction details for a very light cylinder and a method of spinning and releasing. Diagram. ALSO - Vertical motorized cylinder on a cart. |
2C20.95 |
Frisbee |
An analysis of how a Frisbee works. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000021000005000325000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2341303&prog=normal TPT 21(5), 325]. |
2C30. Viscosity
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C30.10 |
Viscosity Disc |
A horizontal disc is hung on a single thread and a second disc is spun below it, causing deflection. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-62]. |
2C30.11 |
Viscosity Disc |
A disc is spun between two parallel plates of a platform balance and the deflection is noted. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-61]. |
2C30.12 |
Viscosity Disc |
A metal sheet and a disc are mounted parallel in a container of fluid. Rotate the disc and observe the displacement of the sheet by projection. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-56]. |
2C30.13 |
Viscosity - Viscosimeter |
Coaxial cylinders are separated by a fluid. As the outer cylinder is rotated, the drag induced motion of the inner cylinder is observed by optical lever magnification. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-55]. |
2C30.15 |
Pulling an Aluminum Plate |
Use a string and pulley to a mass to pull an aluminum plate out of a viscous fluid ( GE Silicone Fluid, SF-96/10,000). |
2C30.20 |
Viscocity in Capillary |
A Mariotte flask with a capillary out on the bottom permits varying the pressure at cm of water. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000033000010000848000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1970999&prog=normal AJP 33(10),848]. |
2C30.25 |
Oil Viscosity |
Quickly invert tubes of oil and watch the bubbles rise to the top. Air bubbles rise at different speeds in different fluids. |
2C30.30 |
Temperature and Viscosity |
Tubes filled with motor oil and silicone oil are inverted at room temperature and after cooling with dry ice/alcohol. Or, use castor oil from 5 to 50 C the viscosity goes down by a factor of 15. |
2C30.45 |
Terminal Velocity - Drop Balls |
Precision ball in a precision tube. |
2C30.50 1C10.51 |
[:GlycerinViscosity:Terminal Velocity With Water, Glycerin, & Marbles] |
Two identical marbles are dropped simultaneously into separate graduated cylinders, one filled with glycerine and the other with water. The marble dropped in glycerine will quickly reach terminal velocity, obtaining a slow and constant velocity that can be measured. |
2C30.52 |
Terminal Velocity - Diameter |
Three steel balls of different diameters are sealed in a 4' tube. Illuminate with a lamp at the bottom. |
2C30.53 |
Terminal Velocity - Specific Gravity |
Four balls of the same diameter with carefully adjusted specific gravity are dropped in glycerine. |
2C30.55 |
Terminal Velocity - Styrofoam Ball |
A 2" dia. styrofoam ball reaches terminal velocity in 5.5m. Use a stop frame and take data. |
2C30.56 |
Terminal Velocity - Dylite Beads |
Dylite beads reach terminal velocity quickly in water, and when expanded by heating in boiling water, are also useful in air. |
2C30.65 |
Terminal Velocity coffee Filters |
Drop a coffee filter and it descends with low terminal velocity. Crumple one and drop it. |
2C30.65 |
Air Friction |
Drop crumpled and flat sheets of paper. |
2C40. Turbulent and Streamline Flow
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C40.10 |
Streamline Flow |
The Cenco streamline gravity flow apparatus. A commercial apparatus to show flow around objects in projection cells. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-306]. |
2C40.11 |
Streamline Flow |
A streamline flow apparatus that uses several potassium permanganate tracers. |
2C40.14 |
Streamlines on the Overhead |
Flow is shown between two glass plates from a source point to a collection point. Dilute NaOH passes a ring of phenophthalein beads around the source generating colored trails. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000037000009000868000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1975909&prog=normal AJP 37(9), 868]. |
2C40.14 |
Inverse Square Law Patterns |
Inverse-square-law field patterns are illustrated by dyed streamlines of water flowing between two glass plates. Construction details in appendix, p. 620. |
2C40.16 |
Dry Ice Fog |
Some dry ice in a flask of warm water will produce a jet of fog that can be used with a fan to show the effects of various objects on air flow. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-307]. |
2C40.17 |
Streamline Design |
The effect of moving air on a disc and streamlined object of the same cross section is demonstrated. |
2C40.18 |
Fluid Mappers |
Several types of fluid mappers. Pictures and diagrams. Construction details in appendix, p. 614. |
2C40.20 |
Streamline Flow - Blow Out Candle |
Place a lighted candle on one side of a beaker and blow on the other side to put out the candle. |
2C40.21 |
Streamline Flow - Blow Out Candle |
A technique to blow a card over using upward curling streamlines. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-309]. |
2C40.25 |
Poiseuille Flow |
Colored glycerine is placed on top of clear glycerine in a square cross sectioned tube and a stopcock is opened at the bottom to adjust flow. Or, watch the interface between clear oil on the bottom of a glass tube and colored oil on top as oil is drawn off the bottom. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-310]. |
2C40.30 |
Vena Contracta |
As a liquid emerges vertically downward, its jet contracts in diameter. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-254]. |
2C40.50 |
Laminar and Turbulent Flow |
The velocity of a stream of ink is varied as it is introduced into a tube of smoothly flowing water. |
2C40.51 |
Reynold's number |
A tapered nozzle introduces tracer fluid into a tube at the bottom of a reservoir. |
2C40.51 |
Reynold's Number |
An apparatus for varying the flow in a tube and introducing a tracer into the flow. Different fluids can be used. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000028000002000165000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1935087&prog=normal AJP 28(2), 165]. |
2C40.53 |
Reynolds' Number |
The flow rate in a long thin brass tube is adjusted until spitting starts. Flow rate is determined by collecting water for a given time. This lets one determine |
2C40.60 |
Laminar and Turbulent Flow |
Shadow project rising warm air flowing around objects. |
2C40.61 |
Streamline vs. Turbulent Flow |
Drop a ball into a viscous liquid or water. Shadow project a hot iron ball in slowly or rapidly moving air. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-311]. |
2C40.63 |
Laminar and Turbulent Flow |
The Krebs apparatus is used to show flow of water around objects. |
2C40.73 |
Stero Shadowgraph |
On viewing fluid flow with stereo shadow-graphs. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000044000010000981000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.10245&prog=normal AJP 44(10), 981]. |
2C40.90 |
Rayleigh-Taylor Instability in Prell |
A air bubble rising in a tube of Prell shampoo demonstrates Rayleigh-Taylor instability. Other examples are given. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000053000005000484000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.14206&prog=normal AJP 53(5), 484]. |
2C50. Vortices
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C50.10 |
Smoke Rings |
Tap smoke rings out of a box with a rubber diaphragm on one end and a hole in the other. |
2C50.11 |
Smoke Rings with LP Gas |
A rubber sheet at the back of a large wooden box is struck with a hammer to produce smoke rings capable of knocking over a plate. Fuming HCL and conc. ammonia produce the smoke. |
2C50.12 |
Vortex Box |
A 24 inch square, 8 inch deep vortex box with a 4 inch diameter hole. |
2C50.15 |
Vortex Cannon |
Use a large barrel to generate a smoke ring. Blow out a candle with the vortex. Animation. |
2C50.20 |
Liquid Vortices |
A drop of inky water is allowed to form on a medicine dropper 1" above a beaker of water. This height is critical. The vortex will rebound if the beaker is less than 4" deep. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-253]. |
2C50.22 |
Semicircular Vortex in Water |
A skill demonstration. Use a small paddle to form vortices in a small dish on the overhead projector. |
2C50.23 |
Detergent Vortex |
A few drops of detergent in a jar of water are shaken and given a twist to form a vortex lasting several seconds. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTEAH000028000007000494000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.2343124&prog=normal TPT 28(7), 494]. |
2C50.25 |
Whirlpool |
Water is introduced tangentially into a cylinder with a hole in the bottom. |
2C50.30 |
Tornado Vortex |
Couple two soft drink bottles with the commercial tornado tube coupler and spin the top bottle so the water forms a vortex as it drains into the bottom bottle. |
2C50.35 |
Fire Tornado |
A rotating cylinder of copper mesh surrounds a dish with burning material in it. The air flow due to the spinning mesh causes the flames to take on a signature tornado shape. |
2C50.35 |
Paraboloids and Vortices |
A transparent cylinder is rotated at speeds up to 1000 RPM. See [http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=AJPIAS000037000009000864000001&idtype=cvips&doi=10.1119/1.1975907&prog=normal AJP 37(9), 864]. |
2C50.40 |
Growing a Large Drop |
A vortex is formed in an air stream allowing one to form a large water drop. |
2C60. Non Newtonian Fluids
PIRA # |
Demonstration Name |
Abstract |
2C60.10 |
Fluidization |
A bed of silica powder acts like a fluid when air is forced through it. Diagram. |
2C60.20 |
Rising Stones |
A ping pong ball in the middle of a beaker of beans will rise when the beaker is shaken. Rising of rocks in the spring is the same as the sifting of fine particles to the bottom of a cereal box. |
2C60.22 |
Beans |
The size of an aluminum ball determines whether it goes up or down in a shaking bowl of beans. |
2C60.30 |
Cornstarch |
Add water to cornstarch until it is goo. Pour it, throw it, punch it. |
2C60.32 |
[:CornstarchSpeaker:Cornstarch on Speaker] |
Cover a speaker cone in the cornstarch suspension and turn it on. |
2C60.35 |
Slime Ball |
A commercial product "Slime" flows like a liquid under normal conditions but bounces on impact. |
2C60.50 |
Fluids vs. Solids |
Asphalt splinters when smashed but flows gradually, sand flows when poured but remains in a conical pile. See [http://physicslearning.colorado.edu/PIRA/Sutton/PARTI.pdf#pagemode=none&page=1 Sutton M-253]. |
2C60.55 |
Ketchup Uzi |
Fill a super soaker with ketchup. Shoot it across the room and it blobs on the wall. |
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