Differences between revisions 3 and 8 (spanning 5 versions)

Cosmology

PIRA classification 8C

8C10. Models of the Universe

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Subsets	Abstract
8C10.05	Cosmological Models		A discussion of Red Shift, unbound universe, and other factors, and how they are applied to comological models. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 18(9), 639
8C10.10	The Big Bang		The Big Bang and chirality of the universe. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 564
8C10.20	Cosmic Microwave Background		The study of anisotropies in the CMB. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 70(2), 106
8C10.25	Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe		The general Doppler formula in a nonstatic universe is derived. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(7), 642
8C10.25	Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe		A look at the question " Is the universe open or closed"? See The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(3), 137
8C10.30	Expanding Universe	pira200	Pull a rubber hose threaded through five large styrofoam balls at even intervals and pull to watch the expanding intervals. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.10]
8C10.30	Expanding Universe		Pull on a rubber rope with "galaxies" attached. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 50(6),571
8C10.30	Expanding Universe		Using a strip of latex to model how long a light pulse would take to travel from one galaxy to another in an expanding universe. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 125
8C10.30	Expanding Universe		Use transparencies of a sample universe on the overhead to show center of expansion in an expanding universe. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(2), 103
8C10.35	Inflating Balloon		A balloon with galaxies drawn on is blown up with compressed air. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.15]
8C10.37	Expanding Universe on a White Board
8C10.39	Expanding Universe		Are we able to use experimantal evidence to calculate the total vector momentum of our expanding universe. Is it zero? See The Physics Teacher - TPT 20(9), 617
8C10.40	Bubble Universe		Use a straw to blow bubbles in liquid soap. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.20]
8C10.50	Galaxy Model		Show a 16" diameter galaxy model. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.30]
8C10.55	View of Galactic Center
8C10.60	Spiral Galaxies
8C10.70	Radio Galaxies
8C10.80	One Million Galaxies		A poster showing 1 million galaxies taken at radio wavelengths.

8C20. Gravitational Effects

PIRA #	Demonstration Name	Subsets	Abstract
8C20.10	Klein Bottle		A Klein bottle has been made from a 20 L flask. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.40]
8C20.20	Moebius Strip		A strip of aluminum about six inches wide and six feet long is made into a Moebius strip. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.45]
8C20.30	Saddle Shape		A ball is not stable when placed on a saddle shape, but surprisingly does become stable if the saddle shape is rotated. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 63(2), 186
8C20.30	Saddle Shape		A butternut squash provides a negative space over small distances. At large distances the space becomes positive. A hubbard squash has a positive space. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 15(5), 298
8C20.30	Saddle Shape		Two models of a negatively curved two-dimensional space. One of fiberglass, and one made with strings. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(5), 286
8C20.30	Saddle Shape		Two more examples. A hollowed out grapefruit is a positive space. Pringles potato chips are examples of negative space. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(1), 8
8C20.35	Non-Euclidean Geometry		A discussion of gravity touching on non-Euclidean geometry and the geometry of three dimensional space. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(9), 557
8C20.35	Non-Euclidean Geometry		A helpful discussion about space curvature and how to visualize it. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(3), 147
8C20.35	Non-Euclidean Geometry		Counting distant radio sources to determine if the overall curvature of space is positively curved, flat, or negatively curved. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(2), 92
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like a black hole. See University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C20.40
8C20.40	Gravitational Lenses		A computer program to visualize gravitational lenses. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 218
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		An equation is developed for constructing a Plexiglas lens. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 48(10),883
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		Directions for constructing a gravitational lens simulator from Plexiglas. Ref: Phys.Rev. 133, B835 (1964). See American Journal of Physics - AJP 37(1),103
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		A plastic lens that bends light the same way a black hole does. Theory and directions for construction of a lens. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 49(7),652
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		Viewing a fish in a fish tank. Refraction of light as the optical counterpart of a gravitational lens. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(7), 440
8C20.40	Gravitational Lens		Constructions of a simple gravitational lens demonstration. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(9), 555
8C20.42	Gravitational Lens		Henry Cavendish and Johann von Soldner calculated that light would be deflected by gravitational bodies long before Einstein. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 56(5), 413
8C20.42	Gravitational Lens		How would the outer world look from an observer located in a gravitational lens. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(4), 336
8C20.42	Gravitational Lens		The principle of equivalence and the deflection of light by the Sun. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(8), 801
8C20.42	Gravitational Lens		The prediction and test of Einstein's 1916 prediction. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 524
8C20.42	Gravitational Lens		Additional comments on TPT 38(9), 524. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(4), 198
8C20.43	Gravitational Lens		The black hole as a gravitational lens. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(5), 428
8C20.45	Galactic Lens		A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like an extended mass distribution. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 51(9),860
8C20.50	Gravitational Waves		Icebreaker activities to use when introducing the subject of gravitational waves. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 416
8C20.50	Gravitational Waves		About the new generation of gravitational wave detectors. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 420
8C20.50	Gravitational Waves		On the detection of gravitational waves. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(5), 282
8C20.60	Quasars		The use of quasars in teaching introductory special relativity. See American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(3), 214
8C20.60	Quasars		Quasars and superluminal velocities in astronomy. See The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(8), 496
8C20.70	Cosmic Strings
8C20.80	Dark Matter

Demonstrations

Home

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-||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||8C10.05||Cosmological Models||A discussion of Red Shift, unbound universe, and other factors, and how they are applied to comological models. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 18(9), 639]||
||8C10.10||The Big Bang||The Big Bang and chirality of the universe. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 564]||
||8C10.20||Cosmic Microwave Background||The study of anisotropies in the CMB. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 70(2), 106]||
||8C10.25||Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe||The general Doppler formula in a nonstatic universe is derived. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(7), 642]||
||8C10.25||Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe||A look at the question " Is the universe open or closed"? See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(3), 137]||
||8C10.30||Expanding Universe||Pull a rubber hose threaded through five large styrofoam balls. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.10]||
||8C10.30||Expanding Universe||Pull on a rubber rope with "galaxies" attached. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 50(6),571]||
||8C10.30||Expanding Universe||	Using a strip of latex to model how long a light pulse would take to travel from one galaxy to another in an expanding universe. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 125]||
||8C10.30||Expanding Universe||	Use transparencies of a sample universe on the overhead to show center of expansion in an expanding universe. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(2), 103]||
||8C10.35||Inflating Balloon||	A balloon with galaxies drawn on is blown up with compressed air. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.15]||
||8C10.37||Expanding Universe on a White Board|| ||
||8C10.39||Expanding Universe||	Are we able to use experimantal evidence to calculate the total vector momentum of our expanding universe. Is it zero? See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 20(9), 617]||
||8C10.40||Bubble Universe||Use a straw to blow bubbles in liquid soap. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.20]||
||8C10.50||Galaxy Model||Show a 16" diameter galaxy model.  See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.30]||
||8C10.55||View of Galactic Center|| ||
||8C10.60||Spiral Galaxies|| ||
||8C10.70||Radio Galaxies|| ||
||8C10.80||One Million Galaxies||A poster showing 1 million galaxies taken at radio wavelengths.||
+||<10%  style="&quot;text-align:center&quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="&quot;text-align:center&quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="&quot;text-align:center&quot;">'''Subsets'''||<60%  style="&quot;text-align:center&quot; ">'''Abstract''' ||
||8C10.05 ||Cosmological Models || ||A discussion of Red Shift, unbound universe, and other factors, and how they are applied to comological models. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 18(9), 639]] ||
||8C10.10 ||The Big Bang || ||The Big Bang and chirality of the universe. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 564]] ||
||8C10.20 ||Cosmic Microwave Background || ||The study of anisotropies in the CMB. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 70(2), 106]] ||
||8C10.25 ||Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe || ||The general Doppler formula in a nonstatic universe is derived. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 45(7), 642]] ||
||8C10.25 ||Steady State, Expanding, or Contracting Universe || ||A look at the question " Is the universe open or closed"? See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(3), 137]] ||
||8C10.30 ||Expanding Universe ||pira200||Pull a rubber hose threaded through five large styrofoam balls at even intervals and pull to watch the expanding intervals. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.10] ||
||8C10.30 ||Expanding Universe || ||Pull on a rubber rope with "galaxies" attached. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 50(6),571]] ||
||8C10.30 ||Expanding Universe || ||Using a strip of latex to model how long a light pulse would take to travel from one galaxy to another in an expanding universe. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 125]] ||
||8C10.30 ||Expanding Universe || ||Use transparencies of a sample universe on the overhead to show center of expansion in an expanding universe. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(2), 103]] ||
||8C10.35 ||Inflating Balloon || ||A balloon with galaxies drawn on is blown up with compressed air. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.15] ||
||8C10.37 ||Expanding Universe on a White Board || || ||
||8C10.39 ||Expanding Universe || ||Are we able to use experimantal evidence to calculate the total vector momentum of our expanding universe. Is it zero? See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 20(9), 617]] ||
||8C10.40 ||Bubble Universe || ||Use a straw to blow bubbles in liquid soap. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.20] ||
||8C10.50 ||Galaxy Model || ||Show a 16" diameter galaxy model.  See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.30] ||
||8C10.55 ||View of Galactic Center || || ||
||8C10.60 ||Spiral Galaxies || || ||
||8C10.70 ||Radio Galaxies || || ||
||8C10.80 ||One Million Galaxies || ||A poster showing 1 million galaxies taken at radio wavelengths. ||
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+||<10%  style="&quot;text-align:center&quot; ">'''PIRA #''' ||<style="&quot;text-align:center&quot;">'''Demonstration Name''' ||<style="&quot;text-align:center&quot;">'''Subsets'''||<60%  style="&quot;text-align:center&quot; ">'''Abstract''' ||
||8C20.10 ||Klein Bottle || ||A Klein bottle has been made from a 20 L flask. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.40] ||
||8C20.20 ||Moebius Strip || ||A strip of aluminum about six inches wide and six feet long is made into a Moebius strip. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.45] ||
||8C20.30 ||Saddle Shape || ||A ball is not stable when placed on a saddle shape, but surprisingly does become stable if the saddle shape is rotated. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 63(2), 186]] ||
||8C20.30 ||Saddle Shape || ||A butternut squash provides a negative space over small distances. At large distances the space becomes positive. A hubbard squash has a positive space. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 15(5), 298]] ||
||8C20.30 ||Saddle Shape || ||Two models of a negatively curved two-dimensional space. One of fiberglass, and one made with strings. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(5), 286]] ||
||8C20.30 ||Saddle Shape || ||Two more examples. A hollowed out grapefruit is a positive space. Pringles potato chips are examples of negative space. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(1), 8]] ||
||8C20.35 ||Non-Euclidean Geometry || ||A discussion of gravity touching on non-Euclidean geometry and the geometry of three dimensional space. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(9), 557]] ||
||8C20.35 ||Non-Euclidean Geometry || ||A helpful discussion about space curvature and how to visualize it. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(3), 147]] ||
||8C20.35 ||Non-Euclidean Geometry || ||Counting distant radio sources to determine if the overall curvature of space is positively curved, flat, or negatively curved. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(2), 92]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lens || ||A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like a black hole. See [[http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html|University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C20.40]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lenses || ||A computer program to visualize gravitational lenses. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 218]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lens || ||An equation is developed for constructing a Plexiglas lens. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 48(10),883]] ||
||8C20.40 ||[[GravitationalLens|Gravitational Lens]] || ||Directions for constructing a gravitational lens simulator from Plexiglas. Ref: Phys.Rev. 133, B835 (1964).     See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 37(1),103]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lens || ||A plastic lens that bends light the same way a black hole does. Theory and directions for construction of a lens. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 49(7),652]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lens || ||Viewing a fish in a fish tank. Refraction of light as the optical counterpart of a gravitational lens. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(7), 440]] ||
||8C20.40 ||Gravitational Lens || ||Constructions of a simple gravitational lens demonstration. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(9), 555]] ||
||8C20.42 ||Gravitational Lens || ||Henry Cavendish and Johann von Soldner calculated that light would be deflected by gravitational bodies long before Einstein. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 56(5), 413]] ||
||8C20.42 ||Gravitational Lens || ||How would the outer world look from an observer located in a gravitational lens. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(4), 336]] ||
||8C20.42 ||Gravitational Lens || ||The principle of equivalence and the deflection of light by the Sun. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(8), 801]] ||
||8C20.42 ||Gravitational Lens || ||The prediction and test of Einstein's 1916 prediction. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 524]] ||
||8C20.42 ||Gravitational Lens || ||Additional comments on TPT 38(9), 524. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(4), 198]] ||
||8C20.43 ||Gravitational Lens || ||The black hole as a gravitational lens.  See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(5), 428]] ||
||8C20.45 ||Galactic Lens || ||A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like an extended mass distribution. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 51(9),860]] ||
||8C20.50 ||Gravitational Waves || ||Icebreaker activities to use when introducing the subject of gravitational waves. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 416]] ||
||8C20.50 ||Gravitational Waves || ||About the new generation of gravitational wave detectors. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 420]] ||
||8C20.50 ||Gravitational Waves || ||On the detection of gravitational waves. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(5), 282]] ||
||8C20.60 ||Quasars || ||The use of quasars in teaching introductory special relativity. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/|American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(3), 214]] ||
||8C20.60 ||Quasars || ||Quasars and superluminal velocities in astronomy. See [[http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/|The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(8), 496]] ||
||8C20.70 ||Cosmic Strings || || ||
||8C20.80 ||Dark Matter || || ||
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-||<:10%>'''PIRA #'''||<:>'''Demonstration Name'''||<:60%>'''Abstract'''||
||8C20.10||Klein Bottle||A Klein bottle has been made from a 20 L flask. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.40]||
||8C20.20||Moebius Strip||A strip of aluminum about six inches wide and six feet long is made into a Moebius strip. See [ http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C10.45]||
||8C20.30||Saddle Shape||A ball is not stable when placed on a saddle shape, but surprisingly does become stable if the saddle shape is rotated. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 63(2), 186]||
||8C20.30||Saddle Shape||A butternut squash provides a negative space over small distances. At large distances the space becomes positive. A hubbard squash has a positive space. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 15(5), 298]||
||8C20.30||Saddle Shape||Two models of a negatively curved two-dimensional space. One of fiberglass, and one made with strings. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 33(5), 286]||
||8C20.30||Saddle Shape||Two more examples. A hollowed out grapefruit is a positive space. Pringles potato chips are examples of negative space. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 16(1), 8]||
||8C20.35||Non-Euclidean Geometry||A discussion of gravity touching on non-Euclidean geometry and the geometry of three dimensional space. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(9), 557]||
||8C20.35||Non-Euclidean Geometry||A helpful discussion about space curvature and how to visualize it. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 29(3), 147]||
||8C20.35||Non-Euclidean Geometry||Counting distant radio sources to determine if the overall curvature of space is positively curved, flat, or negatively curved. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 30(2), 92]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like a black hole. See [http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/old_page/astronomy.html University of Minnesota Handbook - 8C20.40]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lenses||A computer program to visualize gravitational lenses. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 69(2), 218]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||An equation is developed for constructing a Plexiglas lens. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 48(10),883]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||	Directions for constructing a gravitational lens simulator from Plexiglas. Ref: Phys.Rev. 133, B835 (1964).	See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 37(1),103]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||A plastic lens that bends light the same way a black hole does. Theory and directions for construction of a lens. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 49(7),652]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||Viewing a fish in a fish tank. Refraction of light as the optical counterpart of a gravitational lens. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 25(7), 440]||
||8C20.40||Gravitational Lens||Constructions of a simple gravitational lens demonstration. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(9), 555]||
||8C20.42||Gravitational Lens||Henry Cavendish and Johann von Soldner calculated that light would be deflected by gravitational bodies long before Einstein. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 56(5), 413]||
||8C20.42||Gravitational Lens||How would the outer world look from an observer located in a gravitational lens.	See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(4), 336]||
||8C20.42||Gravitational Lens||The principle of equivalence and the deflection of light by the Sun. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 46(8), 801]||
||8C20.42||Gravitational Lens||The prediction and test of Einstein's 1916 prediction. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 38(9), 524]||
||8C20.42||Gravitational Lens||Additional comments on TPT 38(9), 524. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 39(4), 198]||
||8C20.43||Gravitational Lens||The black hole as a gravitational lens.	See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(5), 428]||
||8C20.45||Galactic Lens||A machined Plexiglas lens bends light like an extended mass distribution. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 51(9),860]||
||8C20.50||Gravitational Waves||Icebreaker activities to use when introducing the subject of gravitational waves. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 416]||
||8C20.50||Gravitational Waves||About the new generation of gravitational wave detectors. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 44(7), 420]||
||8C20.50||Gravitational Waves||On the detection of gravitational waves. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 22(5), 282]||
||8C20.60||Quasars||The use of quasars in teaching introductory special relativity. See [http://scitation.aip.org/ajp/ American Journal of Physics - AJP 55(3), 214]||
||8C20.60||Quasars||Quasars and superluminal velocities in astronomy. See [http://scitation.aip.org/tpt/ The Physics Teacher - TPT 34(8), 496]||
||8C20.70||Cosmic Strings|| ||
||8C20.80||Dark Matter|| ||
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fw: Diff for "Cosmology"

Cosmology

8C10. Models of the Universe

8C20. Gravitational Effects