Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C10.00

PVT Surfaces

4C10.10

PVT surfaces

4C10.10

PVT surfaces

Three dimensional models of PVT curves are shown for different substances.

4C10.10

thermodynamic surfaces

Models of two thermodynamical surfaces.

4C10.11

thermodynamic surfaces

Pictures of p-v-T,f-p-T, and delta F-S-r surfaces in a heavy duty article.

4C10.20

model of P-V-T surface

A large P-V-T surface made with bent wires.

4C10.30

PVT surfaces

Use various charts and models.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C20.00

Phase Changes: Liquid-Solid

4C20.10

supercooled water

4C20.10

supercooled water

A small test tube of water is cooled in a peltier device and the temperature is followed with a thermocouple.

4C20.11

supercooling water

Water in a small test tube is cooled to -4 C by placing in a dry ice/alcohol bath. Shake to freeze and the temperature will rise to 0 C.

4C20.12

drop freezer

1971 Apparatus Competition Winner. Drops are placed on a copper plate with a tail in dry ice. A thermometer is placed in the copper plate and a mirror at 45 degrees allows easy observation of the drops.

4C20.15

supercooling in four substances

Four methods are given for supercooling various substances.

4C20.20

ice bomb in liquid nitrogen

4C20.20

ice bomb

An ice bomb is filled with water and placed in a salt water bath.

4C20.20

ice bomb

The ice bomb takes half an hour to break when placed in a freezing mixture of ice and salt.

4C20.20

ice bomb

Just a picture.

4C20.20

ice bomb

An ice bomb is placed in a liquid nitrogen bath.

4C20.21

ice bomb in liquid nitrogen

An ice bomb is placed in a beaker of liquid nitrogen in a plexiglass cage.

4C20.21

ice bomb - galv. pipe

Use a galvanized coupling and plugs for a bomb and liquid nitrogen for a fast freeze.

4C20.22

expansion of freezing bismuth

A hummock rises on the surface of bismuth as it freezes in a tube.

4C20.23

contraction of paraffin

Let a beaker of liquid paraffin freeze.

4C20.30

regelation

4C20.30

regelation

Cut through a block of ice with a wire loop that has a heavy mass hanging from it.

4C20.30

regelation

A copper wire under tension cuts through a block of ice.

4C20.30

regelation

A mass hanging from a loop of thin stainless steel wire cuts through a block of ice.

4C20.31

regelation explained completely

The complexity of regelation is examined by Mark Zemansky.

4C20.31

regelation

Explanation of regelation. Copper cuts through faster than iron or thread.

4C20.32

regelation

Substances that expand on freezing show a lowering melting point under pressure. Two blocks of ice, held together by hand, will freeze. Also complete directions for the standard demo.

4C20.32

crushed ice squeeze

Crushed ice squeezed in a thick walled cylinder forms a solid block.

4C20.33

pressure and freezing point

A letter disputing TPT 25,523 pointing out the difficulty in obtaining a uniform 0 C temperature in an ice bath.

4C20.35

liquefying CO2

4C20.35

liquifying CO2

Press down on a piston on dry ice in a clear tube until at 5 atmospheres liquification occurs.

4C20.35

liquifying CO2

A strong bulb with a 1 cm square neck area is filled with dry ice and a 5 kg mass is added. The melting point of CO2 is about 5 atmospheres. Lift the weight slightly to freeze.

4C20.36

CO2 syringe

Put some CO2 in a small transparent syringe and squeeze to liquefy. Can be shown on the OH.

4C20.40

freezing liquid nitrogen

4C20.40

freezing liquid nitrogen

Put some liquid nitrogen in a clear dewar and pump until it freezes.

4C20.40

freezing liquid nitrogen

In addition to the standard freezing by evaporation in a clear dewar - pop off the cork when the nitrogen is solid and it will instantly turn to liquid while the temperature remains below its boiling point.

4C20.40

freezing liquid nitrogen

Pumping on liquid air will produce solid nitrogen at -210 C. Air passed slowly over the outside of the flask will condense out liquid air at atmosphere pressure.

4C20.42

freezing nitrogen modification

The dewar has a smaller cross section in the lower part to prevent the frozen plug from rising to the pumping port.

4C20.45

fire extinguisher

4C20.45

fire extinguisher

Shoot off a CO2 fire extinguisher.

4C20.45

CO2 expansion cooling

Shoot off a fire extinguisher at a test tube of water, freezing the water.

4C20.46

CO2 cylinder

Liquid CO2 from cylinder is released into a heavy bag, freezing the central stream by evaporative cooling.

4C20.50

heat of fusion of water

Melt ice in a beaker of water and measure the temperature.

4C20.51

heat of fusion of ice

Melt some ice in a calorimeter with a known amount of water.

4C20.52

freezing lead

Insert thermocouple into molten lead and plot the temperature on an x-y recorder as it freezes.

4C20.53

freezing tin

Tin is heated to 360 C and temperature readings taken every 30 seconds until the temperature reaches 160 C. Half the time the temperature remains at 230 C.

4C20.54

heat of fusion of water

Place a thermocouple cooled in liquid nitrogen in warm water. Plot temperature as ice forms and then melts.

4C20.55

heat of solution

4C20.55

heat of solution

A manometer shows cooling when hypo or ammonium chloride are added to water, heating when sulfuric acid is used. ALSO - equal weights of water and ammonium nitrate will lead to freezing.

4C20.56

heat of solution

Heat is generated if sulfuric acid is dissolved in water. Cooling results if hypo or ammonium nitrate is dissolved.

4C20.59

latent heat heating

Two experiments that use the latent heat from one substance freezing to heat another.

4C20.60

heat of crystallization

4C20.60

heat of crystallization

Prepare a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate or sodium sulfate and drop in a crystal to trigger crystallization. A thermocouple will show the change in temperature.

4C20.61

heat of crystallization

A manometer hooked into the jacket of a double walled flask is used to detect the change in temperature of a sodium thiosulfate solution as it crystallizes.

4C20.62

heat of crystallization

A manometer indicates heating when a flask of supercooled hypo solution crystallizes.

4C20.70

project crystallization

Project while crystallization occurs in a thin film of melted sulfur or saturated solution of ammonium chloride.

4C20.71

crystallization

Crystallization from a conc. solution of sodium acetate or sodium hyposulfate. See also E-195 (lead tree) and L-122 (polarization).

4C20.72

water crystals in soap film

A ring with a soap film is cooled in a chamber surrounded by dry ice on the overhead projector. Water crystals form.

4C20.73

crystal growth on the overhead

Various organic compounds are used to show crystal growth between crossed Polaroids on the overhead projector.

4C20.73

crystal growth on the overhead

Tartaric acid and benzoic acid are melted together and the crystal growth on cooling is observed between crossed Polaroids on the overhead projector.

4C20.74

observing crystallization

Directions for building a microprojector useful for showing crystallization phenomena.

4C20.90

hard sphere model

A two dimensional hard sphere model of a fluid shows propagating holes or flow if 4% of the spheres are removed.

4C20.98

Metglas 2826

Metglas 2826 is a metal that has been quenched from liquid to solid without crystallization. The mechanical, electrical, and magnetic properties are demonstrated.

4C20.99

Wood's metal

The recipe for Wood's metal (melting point 65.5 C).

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C30.00

Phase Changes: Liquid-Gas

4C30.10

boiling by cooling

Cool a flask stoppered flask filled with warm water with ice until boiling starts.

4C30.10

boiling by cooling

Same as Hj-4.

4C30.10

boiling by cooling

A flask with warm water is cooled with ice until boiling starts.

4C30.10

boiling by cooling

Boil water vigorously in a flask, stopper and remove from heat, cool with ice or water to show boiling at reduced pressure. A thermometer or thermocouple can be added to show temperature.

4C30.10

boiling cold water

Heat water to boiling in a round bottom flask, stopper, invert, pour cold water over to maintain boiling.

4C30.10

boil water under reduced pressure

Boil water in a r.b. flask with a dimple in the bottom, remove from heat, stopper, invert and add ice to the dimple.

4C30.15

boiling at reduced pressure

4C30.15

boiling point depression

Boil at reduced pressure using an aspirator.

4C30.15

boiling at reduced pressure

A thermometer measures the boiling point as a vacuum pump is used to reduce the pressure in a flask of water.

4C30.15

boiling by reduced pressure

Boil water at room temperature by evacuating.

4C30.15

boiling at reduced pressure

Pump on a flask of warm water with aspirator or vacuum pump until boiling starts.

4C30.20

superheating liquids

Water is superheated in a very clean flask free of flaws. A similar flask with boiling water is nearby. Add chalk dust to the superheated water and boiling starts explosively.

4C30.21

bumping

When an open tube (H-82) containing water is heated the temp will rise above 100 C and before a vapor bubble suddenly forms.

4C30.25

geyser

4C30.25

geyser

A long tapered tank is used to form a geyser.

4C30.25

geyser

A conical tube 12 cm at the bottom and 4 cm at the top, 2 m long, and heated at the bottom, models a geyser.

4C30.25

geyser

A .5" brass tube 6' long soldered to a 4" tube 10"long filled with water and heated gives a 3 ft. geyser.

4C30.25

geyser

Picture of a geyser demonstrator.

4C30.27

steam bomb

Heat a corked test tube or make a bomb by sealing off some water in a glass tube and heating it. Flying glass hazard.

4C30.30

helium and CO2 balloons in liquid N2

4C30.30

change of volume with change of stat

Balloons of CO2 and He are immersed in liquid nitrogen.

4C30.30

helium and CO2 balloons in liquid N2

Helium and CO2 balloons are immersed in liquid nitrogen. Cut open the CO2 balloon to show solid carbon dioxide.

4C30.33

ice stove

Boil away liquid air in a teakettle on a cake of ice.

4C30.35

liquid nitrogen in a balloon

4C30.35

liquid nitrogen in a balloon

4C30.35

burst a balloon

A small amount of liquid air in a test tube blows up a balloon until it bursts. (800:1 volume ratio).

4C30.35

liquid nitrogen in balloon

Pour some liquid nitrogen in a small flask and cap with a balloon.

4C30.36

gas and vapor under compression

A mercury piston applies equal pressure to air and sulfur dioxide until the SO2 collapses into liquid at 2 1/2 atmospheres.

4C30.40

heat of vaporization of water

Boil water in a beaker while measuring the temperature.

4C30.50

bromine cryophorous

One end of an L-shaped evacuated tube containing bromine is immersed in a dry ice/alcohol mixture.

4C30.50

bromine condensation

The color of bromine gas in one end of a tube is reduced when the other end is cooled.

4C30.60

steam into calorimeter

Pass steam into a calorimeter to determine the heat of condensation.

4C30.80

making liquid oxygen

Liquid oxygen will drip from the outer surface of a thin copper cone filled with liquid nitrogen.

4C30.81

heat exchanger oxygen liquifier

A heat exchanger is used to liquefy oxygen from a high pressure tank. Picture, Construction details in appendix, p. 1297.

4C30.82

liquification of air under pressure

A bicycle pump is used to put a test tube immersed in liquid air under pressure. Liquification will continue as long as the tube is operated.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C31.00

Cooling by Evaporation

4C31.10

cryophorous

4C31.10

cryophorous

One end of an evacuated glass tube with bulbs at each end is put in liquid nitrogen, water in the other end will freeze.

4C31.10

cryophorous

One end of a tube is stuck in a cold trap and water in the other end freezes.

4C31.10

cryophorous

Water in one end of an evacuated J tube will freeze when the other is placed in a ice-salt mixture, alcohol-dry ice mixture, or liquid air.

4C31.10

cryophorus

Place a cryophorus in liquid nitrogen.

4C31.11

cryophorous

Water in an evacuated sealed flask with a concave bottom freezes when it is inverted and a dry ice/alcohol mixture is placed in the concavity.

4C31.12

cryophorous

A Lucite assembly for the overhead projector with an evacuated chamber holding water and an area for a dry ice/acetone mixture.

4C31.20

freezing by evaporation

4C31.20

freezing by evaporation

Evacuate a chamber with water on the overheard between crossed Polaroids.

4C31.20

freezing by evaporation

For the overhead projector: make a hole for a small thermometer in the bottom of a small test tube and pump on a small amount of water.

4C31.20

freezing by evaporation

Pump down some distilled water in a chamber on an overhead projector until the water freezes. Crossed Polaroids make the effect more visible.

4C31.20

freezing by boiling

Evacuate a chamber containing a small amount of water.

4C31.21

freezing by evaporation

Freeze water in a watch glass over a dish of sulfuric acid in a bell jar.

4C31.22

freezing by evaporation

Freeze water in a flask by pumping through a sulfuric acid trap. Supercooling up to 10 C is possible.

4C31.30

drinking bird

Cooling causes vapor to condense, lowering the center of gravity until the bird tips, raising the c. of g.

4C31.30

drinking bird

The drinking bird has a wet head which evaporates drawing liquid up his neck and tipping him over.

4C31.30

drinking bird

Cooling causes vapor to condense lowering the center of gravity until the bird tips.

4C31.30

drinking bird

Standard drinking bird. Includes animation.

4C31.31

CO2 cartridge cools

Puncture a CO2 cartridge and the steel bulb will cool enough to form frost but there is not enough gas to produce snow.

4C31.32

evaporating carbon disulfide

Evaporating carbon disulfide (highly inflammable and poisonous) is used to form frost.

4C31.33

evaporating ether

Evaporating ether in a watch glass freezes a drop of water between the bottom of the glass and a cork. A method for burning off the ether is shown. Diagram.

4C31.34

evaporating ethyl chloride

Ethyl chloride is used to freeze water in a small dish or cool a thermometer.

4C31.35

cooling by evaporation

An attached manometer shows cooling when several drops of ether are placed in a flask.

4C31.37

pulse-glass engine

A pulse glass will oscillate when mounted in a stirrup so one side and then the other can contact a cool pad.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C32.00

Dew Point and Humidity

4C32.10

sling psychrometer

4C32.10

sling psychrometer

Use a commercial sling psychrometer to determine relative humidity.

4C32.10

sling psychrometer

Two thermometers, one with a wet wick, are mounted on a device swung around the head.

4C32.10

sling psychrometer

Two thermometers, one with a wet wick on the bulb, are rotated.

4C32.11

wet and dry bulb thermometers

Identical thermometers are mounted on a panel, one with a wet wick.

4C32.11

humidity

Wet and Dry bulb readings.

4C32.11

wet and dry bulb

Wet and dry bulb thermometers are mounted on a frame with a humidity graph.

4C32.15

dial hygrometer

A dial type hygrometer is pictured.

4C32.16

demonstration hair hygrometer

A hair is connected to a pivot.

4C32.20

dew point measurement

Evaporating alcohol cools a shiny surface until dew forms.

4C32.21

dew point

Evaporating ether cools a gold band until dew forms.

4C32.22

dew point

Reflect a light beam off two bright plates, one cooled by ether.

4C32.23

dew point with evaporating ether

When the dew point is reached in a test tube of evaporating ether, water drops on the outside complete an electrical circuit, lighting a neon lamp.

4C32.24

condensation and coalescence

Watch the shiny surface of a frigister as small water drops grow and coalesce.

4C32.40

condensation nuclei

4C32.40

condensation nuclei

Cigar smoke is introduced into a steam jet.

4C32.41

condensation nuclei

An extinguished match is held in the steam from a tea kettle.

4C32.50

fog in a bell jar

Place moistened cotton in a bell jar and evacuate until fog forms. After cleaning the air of dust, ions are introduced and a thick fog forms.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C33.00

Vapor Pressure

4C33.10

vapor pressure in barometer

4C33.10

vapor pressure in barometer

Insert water or alcohol in a mercury barometer.

4C33.10

vapor pressure of liquids

Set up a series of mercury barometers and insert a small amount of volatile liquid in each one.

4C33.10

vapor pressure in barometer

Place four mercury barometers in a line and introduce different liquids into three to show vapor pressure.

4C33.11

vapor pressure with a manometer

Three flasks containing water, alcohol, and ether are connected by stopcocks to the evacuated side of a mercury manometer.

4C33.12

vapor pressure of water

A barometer is sealed off with liquid over the mercury.

4C33.13

comparison of vapor and gas

Barometer tubes are moved up and down in a deep well of mercury. One contains air, the other alcohol vapor. The mercury level remains the same in the tube with alcohol vapor.

4C33.13

vapor pressure tube

Separate tubes are made up with a liquid sealed over mercury and with an evacuated tube extending out of the mercury to show the vapor pressure.

4C33.20

addition of vapor pressures

4C33.20

addition of vapor pressures

Add water and then alcohol to a mercury barometer

4C33.21

addition of partial pressures

Measure the pressure change with a manometer when a vial of ether is broken in a flask of air.

4C33.25

soda pop pressure

Attach a pressure gauge to a soda pop bottle and measure the buildup of pressure.

4C33.30

vapor pressure curve for water

4C33.30

vapor curve of water

Boil water in a flask attached to one side of a mercury manometer, remove the heat and seal off the flask from the atmosphere, take readings of the temp and pressure difference as the system cools.

4C33.30

vapor pressure curve for water

A flask of boiling water is stoppered with a thermometer and mercury manometer. Readings are taken as the water cools.

4C33.31

vapor pressure of water vs temp

Add a thermometer and pressure gauge to a pressure cooker the demonstrate the effect of temperature on partial pressure of water.

4C33.32

vapor pressure of water at boiling

Insert a mercury filled J tube with water at the closed end into a boiling water bath and the mercury comes to the same level on both sides of the tube.

4C33.33

vacuum by freezing

A table of vapor pressure values for water at standard bath temperatures down to -90 C. Some demo suggestions are included.

4C33.35

vapor pressure curve for CCl4

Modification of a flexible tube manometer to measure the vapor pressure curve of CCl4.

4C33.50

pulse glass

4C33.50

pulse glass

A tube with a small bulb on each end partially filled with a volatile liquid is held by one bulb in the palm forcing the liquid into the other bulb.

4C33.50

pulse glass

Just a picture.

4C33.55

vapor pressure fountain

Ether is introduced into a stoppered flask half full of water with a nozzle extending to near the bottom of the flask. The vapor pressure forces the water out the nozzle. Diagram.

4C33.56

addition of vapor press. with ether

An apparatus is constructed of glass tubing to allow one to add ether to entrapped air at atmospheric pressure and measure the increased pressure. Reference: AJP 13(1),50.

4C33.57

flask inverted over ether

When a flask is inverted over ether, bubbles form due to the partial pressure of ether.

4C33.58

retarded evaporation

Introduce a volatile liquid into two flasks connected to mercury manometers, one evacuated and the other full of air. The final pressure is the same but the time to get there differs.

4C33.60

beakers in a bell jar

Beakers of water and brine are placed in a bell jar and left for weeks. The brine gains water.

4C33.61

lowering of v.p. by dissolved salt

A manometer separates water and a salt solution in a closed system.

4C33.62

vapor pressure of solutions

Aqueous solutions of salt or sugar have a higher boiling point than water.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C40.00

Sublimation

4C40.10

sublimation of carbon dioxide

4C40.10

carbon dioxide

Watch carbon dioxide sublimate.

4C40.10

carbon dioxide

Evaporation of "dry ice".

4C40.10

sublimation of CO2

Small solid carbon dioxide flakes are generated by cooling a CO2 balloon in liquid nitrogen.

4C40.11

carbon dioxide

Show chattering due to formation and escape of vapor.

4C40.12

carbon dioxide rocker

Detect the evaporation of gas by the high pitched rocking motion of one end of an iron rod placed on "dry ice".

4C40.15

blow up balloon with CO2

4C40.15

blow up a balloon with CO2

Attach a balloon to a test tube with dry ice and when the balloon is inflated immerse the tube in liquid air.

4C40.16

change of volume with change of stat

Dry ice blows up a balloon.

4C40.20

iodine

Place melted iodine crystals in a partially evacuated tube and heat.

4C40.30

ammonium chloride

Heat ammonium chloride in a test tube and it evaporates without melting, coating the cool sides of the tube. ALSO- solidify CO2.

4C40.40

camphor

Heat camphor in one end of a tube and the vapors will condense on the cooler end. Project.

4C40.50

sublimation of ice and snow

Freeze water in a large dish, then cover portions with rectangles of aluminum foil. After three weeks, the uncovered areas have sublimed about a half inch.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C45.00

Phase Changes: Solid - Solid

4C45.10

phase change in iron

4C45.10

phase change in iron

4C45.10

phase change in iron

A long iron wire heated to 1000 K will sag as it goes through a phase change.

4C45.20

solid-solid phase projection

The salt ammonium nitrate exhibits five phase transitions between 169 C and -16C. Heat the salt on a microscope slide with an electrically conducting coating on one side.

4C45.30

polymorphism

4C45.31

polymorphism

Mercury iodide changes from red to yellow at 126 C. Ammonium nitrate has five solid phases at -16, 35, 83, 125 C - best demonstrated between crossed Polaroids on the overhead projector.

4C45.35

phase transitions - magnetic model

A magnetic model demonstrates phase transitions and excitations in molecular crystals. Construction details and hints included along with theory.

PIRA #

Demonstration Name

Abstract

4C50.00

Critical Point

4C50.10

critical point of CO2

4C50.10

critical point of CO2

The meniscus in a tube containing liquid CO2 at high pressure disappears when warmed.

4C50.10

critical point of carbon dioxide

Gently heat a glass tube containing liquid CO2. The critical point is 73 atmospheres and 31.6 C.

4C50.10

critical point of CO2

Liquid CO2 in a heavy wall glass tube is heated to show disappearance of the meniscus.

4C50.10

CO2 critical point

Warm a tube containing liquid CO2. The critical point is 73 atmospheres at 31.6 C.

4C50.11

critical point of CO2

Tubes filled with liquid CO2 at, above, and below the critical point are prepared to demonstrate behavior of a non-ideal gas. Tube preparation instructions.

4C50.15

citical state analog

Use the critical solution of aniline and cyclohexane as an analog of the critical state.

4C50.20

critical opalescence

4C50.20

critical opalscence

A sealed chamber containing freon is heated to the critical point.

4C50.30

critical temp of ethyl chloride

Directions for making an ethyl chloride apparatus (187.2 C, 52 atmos).

4C50.40

triple point of water cell

4C50.40

triple point of water cell

A real triple point of water cell designed for use as a temperature reference.