#acl Narf:read,write,delete,revert,admin FacultyGroup:read,write All:read == Atomic Physics == ''PIRA classification 7B'' ||<#dddddd>Grayed Demos are either not available or haven't been built yet. || = 7B10. Spectra = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B10.10 ||line spectra and student gratings || ||Have students view line sources through replica gratings. || ||7B10.10 ||line and cont. spectra with gratings || ||Students look at a carousel of line spectra lamps and a line filament with replica gratings. || ||7B10.10 ||line spectra and student gratings || ||Replica gratings are passed out, sources can be connected in series with an induction coil. || ||7B10.10 ||emission spectra ||pira200||Line spectra (H, He, Kr, Ar, O2, Ne) are viewed through 13,400 lines/inch gratings. || ||7B10.10 ||emission spectra || ||Four spectral tubes and white light through a grating. || ||7B10.11 ||discharges in gases || ||Rub various tubes with plastic foil to see spectacular discharges produced by the static electricity. || ||7B10.11 ||bright line spectrum || ||Sources for bright line spectra: high melting point metals are used as electrodes in an arc lamp, the salts of low melting point metals are burned in a flame, gases are heated in discharge tubes. || ||7B10.12 ||band emission spectra || ||Nitrogen, cyanogen, water vapor, and hydrogen show molecular band spectra. || ||7B10.15 ||line spectra tubes and large grating || ||A box with five Pluecker line spectra tubes are mounted in a box with a replica grating front. || ||7B10.17 ||prism spectrometer || ||Students can view emission spectra individually with a spectrometer. || ||7B10.20 ||project spectral lines || ||Project high intensity Na and Hg lamps through 300 or 600 lines/mm gratings. || ||7B10.25 ||spectral chart || ||Add abstract in Handbook.FM || ||7B10.30 ||salt electrode arcs || ||Pinhole project a carbon arc onto a screen, pack an electrode with a salt, project a spectrum through a prism. || ||7B10.40 ||emmision spectra - Balmer series || ||Measure the deviations of the Balmer series of a projected spectrum of hydrogen. || ||7B10.42 ||Balmer series spectrum tube || ||Apparatus Drawing Project No. 1: report on constructing and filling a reliable Balmer series tube with a useful life of greater than 1500 hours. || ||7B10.50 ||X-ray line spectra model || ||Pour lead shot into a pan. || ||7B10.60 ||Raman effect - simple apparatus || ||A simple double cell apparatus that can be inserted into a 200 mW argon laser for direct observation of the virtual image of the spectra of the scattered light. || = 7B11. Absorption = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B11.10 ||sodium absorption/emission || ||A TV camera shows the Na doublet from a spectrometer in both emission and absorption. || ||7B11.10 ||emission and absorption of sodium || ||A grating spectrometer that resolves the sodium d lines is used to show emission by a salt flame and absorption of white light by the flame. || ||7B11.11 ||Monochromator || ||Design of a simple monochromator with folded optics that will resolve 1 angstrom lines. || ||7B11.12 ||sodium emission/absorption || ||Illuminate half a slit with a sodium flame, half with sunlight from a heliostat. Compare emission and absorption lines. || ||7B11.13 ||sodium absorption and emission || ||A projection system is aligned so both emission and absorption lines of sodium are visible from an arc with one electrode drilled and filled with anhydrous sodium carbonate. || ||7B11.15 ||dark line sodium spectra || ||White light is passed through a concrete block containing a second arc that vaporizes sodium and the spectrum produced shows the sodium d line. || ||7B11.15 ||sodium absorption lines || ||White light is passed through sodium flames before being dispersed by a prism. || ||7B11.16 ||sodium flame || ||Place a Pyrex test tube at 45 degrees with the bottom in the hottest part of the flame. || ||7B11.16 ||sodium absorption || ||Three methods of burning sodium in an arc and generating enough sodium vapor to show a strong absorption line. || ||7B11.17 ||flame salts || ||The colors of different flame salts are observed. || ||7B11.19 ||imitation line spectra || ||While projecting a slide of the continuous spectrum, insert another plate with lines drawn on representing the absorption spectrum of a gas. || ||7B11.20 ||spectral absorption by sodium || || || ||7B11.20 ||sodium absorption cloud || ||A cloud of black smoke seems to form when vapor from flame heated salt is illuminated with a sodium lamp. || ||7B11.23 ||two lamp flame absorption || ||Use two lamps (He and Na) with a single condenser and target to provide a reference with the sodium flame absorption. || ||7B11.24 ||absorption spectra || ||Several methods for producing sodium vapor and passing white light through. || ||7B11.25 ||flame absorption projected || ||The light from an arc lamp is focused on a Bunsen burner flame on the way to being projected on the screen. || ||7B11.25 ||spectral absorption by sodium vapor || ||Sodium flame looks dark when illuminated with sodium light. || ||7B11.30 ||mercury vapor shadow || ||Mercury vapor illuminated with a mercury lamp casts a shadow on a Willemite screen. || ||7B11.30 ||mercury vapor shadow || ||A UV lamp shines on a zinc sulfide screen while mercury vapors waft from a heated watchglass. || = 7B13. Resonance Radiation = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B13.05 ||triboluminescence || ||Crush wintergreen lifesavers and they give off faint flashes of light. || ||7B13.10 ||iodine resonance radiation || ||Same as Oo-1. || ||7B13.10 ||iodine resonance radiation || ||Direct a white light beam through a evacuated flask containing iodine crystals. || ||7B13.10 ||iodine vapor resonance radiation || ||Focus a carbon arc on a large evacuated Florence flask containing iodine crystals. || ||7B13.10 ||resonance radiation of iodine || ||Pass a cone of white light through an evacuated flask containing heated iodine crystals. || ||7B13.15 ||resonance radiation of potassium || ||Heat a pellet of potassium placed in an evacuated flask while passing white light through the flask || ||7B13.20 ||sodium vapor beam || ||A sodium furnace in an evacuated bell jar produces a sodium vapor beam that forms a "pencil" of resonance reradiation when illuminated with sodium light. || ||7B13.20 ||resonance radiation - sodium vapor || ||A sodium vapor bulb is prepared and heated in a furnace while sodium and mercury light is passed through. || ||7B13.25 ||Hanle effect || ||Measure the resonance polarization of mercury light from a quartz resonance cell of mercury vapor is measured. Diagrams, References. || ||7B13.40 ||UV spectrum by fluorescence || ||A screen painted with quinine sulfate fluoresces in the UV. Use Quartz optics. || ||7B13.42 ||projected mercury spectum || ||The weak lines of the projected mercury spectrum are made visible by painting half of a card with fluorescent paint. || ||7B13.44 ||ultraviolet lines photographed || ||Ultraviolet lines from a carbon arc or mercury lamp are projected onto ultraviolet sensitive photographic paper. || ||7B13.50 ||fluorescence and phosphorescence || || || ||7B13.50 ||black light || ||Use a black lamp to illuminate fluorescent materials. || ||7B13.50 ||flourescence || ||A collection of fluorescent materials in black light. || ||7B13.51 ||fluorescence and phosphorescence || ||Show many substances that fluoresce and phosphoresce in UV light. || ||7B13.52 ||fluorescence and phosphorescence || ||Dyes, cloth, paint, etc. and an interesting retardation demonstration with a vibrating meter stick and a thin transparent film over one eye. || ||7B13.55 ||luminescence || ||A glow-in-the-dark sword exposed to black light. The covered portion does not glow as brightly. || ||7B13.58 ||fluorescence by X-rays || ||An X-ray tube in a box in a dark room is used to show fluorescence in many materials. || ||7B13.60 ||phosphorescence || ||Recipes are given for compounds with different luminescence. Several demonstrations are discussed. || ||7B13.63 ||phosphorescence decay || ||Illuminate a P7 tube face with uv light, then mask half and expose the other half to red light. The masked side will remain luminous. || = 7B20. Fine Splitting = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B20.10 ||Zeeman splitting with mercury || ||A mercury lamp between the poles of a large electromagnet is focused on a Fabry-Perot interferometer. || ||7B20.11 ||three tubes for Zeeman || ||Sodium, mercury, and neon tubes used in Zeeman splitting. || ||7B20.11 ||Zeeman effect - sources || ||Sodium, mercury, and neon tubes for the Zeeman effect. || ||7B20.11 ||Zeeman effect - source || ||Use the violet 4046 line from the Cenco 79661 mercury tube. || ||7B20.14 ||Zeeman effect - mercury vapor || ||The light from a mercury lamp is focused on an air stream containing mercury vapor between the poles of an electromagnet. || ||7B20.15 ||Zeeman effect - sodium flame || ||Focus sodium light on a bead of borax heated between the poles of an electromagnet. || ||7B20.15 ||Zeeman effect - sodium flame || ||Sodium light focused on a sodium flame between the poles of an electromagnet will absorb until the field is turned on. || ||7B20.20 ||Stern-Gerlach || || || ||7B20.25 ||Stern-Gerlach crystal model || || || ||7B20.30 ||ESR - simple low field || ||A circuit for showing ESR in DPPH as a lecture demonstration. || ||7B20.31 ||ESR apparatus || ||Simple ESR apparatus. || ||7B20.32 ||ESR coil || ||A small helix plugs into a waveguide to coax transition. || ||7B20.33 ||ESR mechanical analog || ||The shaft of a gyro is made from a permanent Alnico magnet, the earth's field represents the dc field in the ESR experiment, two Helmholtz coils are used to model the microwave radiation. || ||7B20.34 ||ESR references || ||References for anyone planning to apply the AJP 35(3) note. || ||7B20.40 ||Mossbauer || || || ||7B20.45 ||Mossbauer effect - air track analog || ||Burn a string constraining spring loaded air carts. Vary the mass of the "nucleus" cart. || ||7B20.45 ||Mossbauer effect model || ||A suspended gun firing steel balls serves as a gamma ray emitting nucleus in a Mossbauer effect model. Picture, Diagrams, Construction details in appendix, p. 1373. || = 7B30. Ionization Potential = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B30.10 ||ionization potential of mercury || ||Measure the ionization potential of mercury vapor in a FG-57 tube at different temperatures. || ||7B30.11 ||ionization potential || ||Looks like some older commercial apparatus to show the ionization potentials of mercury and xenon. || ||7B30.12 ||ionization potential of xenon || ||Use the Frank-Hertz principle to show the ionization potential of xenon in a 2D21 Thyratron. || ||7B30.13 ||comparrison of apparatus || ||The Klinger and Leybold apparatus are compared. || ||7B30.20 ||Frank-Hertz experiment || ||A qualitative lecture demonstration on the oscilloscope. || ||7B30.20 ||Frank-Hertz effect || ||The curve generated by a commercial tube is shown on an oscilloscope. || ||7B30.21 ||Frank-Hertz modification || ||The collector is made very negative to both the grid and cathode. When the accelerating potential is increased, the collector current appears in the opposite sense. || ||7B30.22 ||homemade Frank-Hertz tube || ||Replace the commercial cathode and filament assembly with a piece of 7 mil tungsten wire. || ||7B30.22 ||homemade Frank-Hertz tube || ||Directions for making a solder glass tube. || ||7B30.23 ||Frank-Hertz experiment || ||An argon filled CTIC thyatron is mounted on a board. The circuit is drawn on the board. || ||7B30.24 ||Frank-Hertz automated on x-y || ||Connect the constant current source to the x and the electrometer output to the y of an x-y recorder. || ||7B30.26 ||what really happens? || ||Gives the standard textbook explanation and then goes beyond. || ||7B30.40 ||excited states model || || || ||7B30.40 ||air track model ?????? || ||A small air track is caught by a large one. Models a collision between an "electron" and an "atom" capable of being raised to an excited state. || ||7B30.40 ||collisions and excited states model || ||Expansion on AJP 36(1),49. Slight modification to model inelastic collisions of the second kind. || = 7B35. Electron Properties = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B35.10 ||discharge at low pressure || ||Lower the pressure with a cooling bath while running the discharge tube with a spark coil. || ||7B35.10 ||Crookes tube || ||Evacuate a glass tube while a high voltage is applied to electrodes at the ends of the tube. || ||7B35.10 ||discharge tube and vacuum pump || ||Pump down a long tube while applying a high voltage across the ends. || ||7B35.20 ||Paschen's law of gas discharge || ||Pump down a double tube assembly with electrodes at different distances with a constant voltage on each set of electrodes. || ||7B35.40 ||Maltese cross || ||An electron beam produces a shadow of a Maltese cross on a fluorescent screen || ||7B35.40 ||electron discharge tube with cross || ||Show the shadow of a Maltese cross in an electron discharge tube. || ||7B35.50 ||paddlewheel || ||I don't have a category for this. || ||7B35.50 ||electron discharge tube with wheel || ||The commercial Crookes' tube with a paddlewheel. || ||7B35.70 ||hot and cold cathode discharge || ||Electrodes that can be water cooled are used to strike arcs cooled and uncooled. || ||7B35.71 ||arc characteristics || ||An arc struck between a carbon rod and an aluminum plate will go out if the polarity is reversed. || ||7B35.75 ||plasma tube || ||Bring the hand near a commercial plasma tube. || = 7B50. Atomic Models = ||<10% style="text-align:center">'''PIRA #''' ||'''Demonstration Name''' ||'''Subsets'''||<60% style="text-align:center">'''Abstract''' || ||7B50.01 ||history of the atom - symposium || ||Kinetic atom || ||7B50.01 ||history of the atom - symposium || ||Atomism from Newton to Dalton. || ||7B50.01 ||history of the atom - symposium || ||Rutherford-Bohr atom || ||7B50.01 ||history of the atom - symposium || ||Greek atomic theory. || ||7B50.01 ||history of the atom || ||An introduction to a series of four papers presented in a symposium "History of the Atom". || ||7B50.10 ||electron orbital models || ||A set of Klinger electron orbital models. || ||7B50.11 ||Bohr model || ||A motorized model with fluorescent electrons and nucleus to be viewed in the dark. || ||7B50.15 ||wave function model || ||Draw dots on glass plates and stack them for a 3-d model of the probability of the electron shell. Example given for hydrogen 3d state. || ||7B50.16 ||electron shell model || ||Golf tees are inserted into predrilled holes in a plywood sheet to represent electrons in the various shells. || ||7B50.20 ||equilibrium configurations || ||Steel balls floating in a dish of mercury over an electromagnet assume equilibrium configurations. A dynamic setup is also described. || ||7B50.50 ||periodic charts || ||Welch and Cenco periodic charts are displayed on the wall. || ||7B50.90 ||atomic beam apparatus || ||Determine the diameter of atoms by directing a very low pressure stream at a vane in an evacuated bell jar. || [[Demonstrations]] [[Instructional|Home]]